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The Learning With Disagreements (LeWiDi) 2025 shared task aims to model annotator disagreement through soft label distribution prediction and perspectivist evaluation, which focuses on modeling individual annotators. We adapt DisCo…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Mandira Sawkar , Samay U. Shetty , Deepak Pandita , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Christopher M. Homan

Humans can be notoriously imperfect evaluators. They are often biased, unreliable, and unfit to define "ground truth." Yet, given the surging need to produce large amounts of training data in educational applications using AI, traditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Danielle R. Thomas , Conrad Borchers , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Scientific Natural Language Inference (NLI) is the task of predicting the semantic relation between a pair of sentences extracted from research articles. The automatic annotation method based on distant supervision for the training set of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Mobashir Sadat , Cornelia Caragea

Crowdsourced labels play a crucial role in evaluating task-oriented dialogue systems (TDSs). Obtaining high-quality and consistent ground-truth labels from annotators presents challenges. When evaluating a TDS, annotators must fully…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Clemencia Siro , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Maarten de Rijke

An automated metric to evaluate dialogue quality is vital for optimizing data driven dialogue management. The common approach of relying on explicit user feedback during a conversation is intrusive and sparse. Current models to estimate…

In NLP annotation, it is common to have multiple annotators label the text and then obtain the ground truth labels based on the agreement of major annotators. However, annotators are individuals with different backgrounds, and minors'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Ruyuan Wan , Jaehyung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Annotation automation via Large Language Models (LLMs) is the core approach for scaling NLP datasets; however, LLM behavior with respect to closed-set instructions in low-resource languages has not been well studied. We present MultiSoc-4D,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Souvik Pramanik , S. M. Riaz Rahman Antu , Shak Mohammad Abyad , Md. Ibrahim Khalil , Md. Shahriar Hussain

Human annotation of training samples is expensive, laborious, and sometimes challenging, especially for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. To reduce the labeling cost and enhance the sample efficiency, Active Learning (AL) technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xuesong Wang

Currently used semantic parsing systems deployed in voice assistants can require weeks to train. Datasets for these models often receive small and frequent updates, data patches. Each patch requires training a new model. To reduce training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Vladislav Lialin , Rahul Goel , Andrey Simanovsky , Anna Rumshisky , Rushin Shah

Sentiment quantification is the task of training, by means of supervised learning, estimators of the relative frequency (also called ``prevalence'') of sentiment-related classes (such as \textsf{Positive}, \textsf{Neutral},…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Alejandro Moreo , Fabrizio Sebastiani

For high-resource languages like English, text classification is a well-studied task. The performance of modern NLP models easily achieves an accuracy of more than 90% in many standard datasets for text classification in English (Xie et…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Dawei Zhu , Michael A. Hedderich , Fangzhou Zhai , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Dietrich Klakow

The rapid proliferation of online multimedia content has intensified the spread of hate speech, presenting critical societal and regulatory challenges. While recent work has advanced multimodal hateful video detection, most approaches rely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Shuonan Yang , Tailin Chen , Rahul Singh , Jiangbei Yue , Jianbo Jiao , Zeyu Fu

Context: The advent of Large Language Model-driven tools like ChatGPT offers software engineers an interactive alternative to community question-answering (CQA) platforms like Stack Overflow. While Stack Overflow provides benefits from the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Mahady Hasan , Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz , Jannat Un Nayeem Iqra

Automated evaluation of tool-using large language model (LLM) agents is widely assumed to be reliable, but this assumption has rarely been validated against human annotation. We introduce AgentProp-Bench, a 2,000-task benchmark with 2,300…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Bhaskar Gurram

When humans judge the affective content of texts, they also implicitly assess the correctness of such judgment, that is, their confidence. We hypothesize that people's (in)confidence that they performed well in an annotation task leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Enrica Troiano , Sebastian Padó , Roman Klinger

Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods, which generally rely on the model's predictions (e.g., entropy minimization) to adapt the source pretrained model to the unlabeled target domain, suffer from noisy signals originating from 1) incorrect or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Jungsoo Lee , Debasmit Das , Jaegul Choo , Sungha Choi

Human label variation has been established as a central phenomenon in NLP: the perspectives different annotators have on the same item need to be embraced. Data collection practices thus shifted towards increasing the annotator numbers and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Maximilian Maurer , Maximilian Linde , Gabriella Lapesa

Crowdsourcing is a relatively economic and efficient solution to collect annotations from the crowd through online platforms. Answers collected from workers with different expertise may be noisy and unreliable, and the quality of annotated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-08 Jingzheng Tu , Guoxian Yu , Jun Wang , Carlotta Domeniconi , Xiangliang Zhang

Prevalent supervised learning methods in natural language processing (NLP) are notoriously data-hungry, which demand large amounts of high-quality annotated data. In practice, acquiring such data is a costly endeavor. Recently, the superior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Ruoyu Zhang , Yanzeng Li , Yongliang Ma , Ming Zhou , Lei Zou

Semantic similarity between two sentences depends on the aspects considered between those sentences. To study this phenomenon, Deshpande et al. (2023) proposed the Conditional Semantic Textual Similarity (C-STS) task and annotated a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Gaifan Zhang , Yi Zhou , Danushka Bollegala