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With the growing prevalence of large language models, it is increasingly common to annotate datasets for machine learning using pools of crowd raters. However, these raters often work in isolation as individual crowdworkers. In this work,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Sonja Schmer-Galunder , Ruta Wheelock , Scott Friedman , Alyssa Chvasta , Zaria Jalan , Emily Saltz

Manual annotation remains the gold standard for high-quality, dense temporal video datasets, yet it is inherently time-consuming. Vision-language models can aid human annotators and expedite this process. We report on the impact of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Juan Gutiérrez , Victor Gutiérrez , Ángel Mora , Silvia Rodriguez , José Luis Blanco

Annotating data via crowdsourcing is time-consuming and expensive. Due to these costs, dataset creators often have each annotator label only a small subset of the data. This leads to sparse datasets with examples that are marked by few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-06 London Lowmanstone , Ruyuan Wan , Risako Owan , Jaehyung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Recent trends in natural language processing research and annotation tasks affirm a paradigm shift from the traditional reliance on a single ground truth to a focus on individual perspectives, particularly in subjective tasks. In scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Olufunke O. Sarumi , Béla Neuendorf , Joan Plepi , Lucie Flek , Jörg Schlötterer , Charles Welch

While densely annotated image captions significantly facilitate the learning of robust vision-language alignment, methodologies for systematically optimizing human annotation efforts remain underexplored. We introduce Chain-of-Talkers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yijun Shen , Delong Chen , Fan Liu , Xingyu Wang , Chuanyi Zhang , Liang Yao , Yuhui Zheng

Third-party annotation is the status quo for labeling text, but egocentric information such as sentiment and belief can at best only be approximated by a third-person proxy. We introduce author labeling, an annotation technique where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Marcus Ma , Cole Johnson , Nolan Bridges , Jackson Trager , Georgios Chochlakis , Shrikanth Narayanan

Pairwise preferences over model responses are widely collected to evaluate and provide feedback to large language models (LLMs). Given two alternative model responses to the same input, a human or AI annotator selects the "better" response.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Arduin Findeis , Floris Weers , Guoli Yin , Ke Ye , Ruoming Pang , Tom Gunter

For text classification tasks, finetuned language models perform remarkably well. Yet, they tend to rely on spurious patterns in training data, thus limiting their performance on out-of-distribution (OOD) test data. Among recent models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Maarten De Raedt , Fréderic Godin , Chris Develder , Thomas Demeester

Prepared domain specific datasets plays an important role to supervised learning approaches. In this article a new sentence dataset for software quality-in-use is proposed. Three experts were chosen to annotate the data using a proposed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-09-21 Issa Atoum , Chih How Bong , Narayanan Kulathuramaiyer

The laborious and costly nature of affect annotation is a key detrimental factor for obtaining large scale corpora with valid and reliable affect labels. Motivated by the lack of tools that can effectively determine an annotator's…

Recent research has highlighted the potential of LLM applications, like ChatGPT, for performing label annotation on social computing text. However, it is already well known that performance hinges on the quality of the input prompts. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Yiming Zhu , Zhizhuo Yin , Gareth Tyson , Ehsan-Ul Haq , Lik-Hang Lee , Pan Hui

Auto-annotation by ensemble of models is an efficient method of learning on unlabeled data. Wrong or inaccurate annotations generated by the ensemble may lead to performance degradation of the trained model. To deal with this problem we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Dror Simon , Miriam Farber , Roman Goldenberg

Iterative preference learning, though yielding superior performances, requires online annotated preference labels. In this work, we study strategies to select worth-annotating response pairs for cost-efficient annotation while achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Sen Yang , Leyang Cui , Deng Cai , Xinting Huang , Shuming Shi , Wai Lam

The paper investigates the feasibility of confidence estimation for neural machine translation models operating at the high end of the performance spectrum. As a side product of the data annotation process necessary for building such models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Ciprian Chelba , Junpei Zhou , Yuezhang , Li , Hideto Kazawa , Jeff Klingner , Mengmeng Niu

Language use changes over time, and this impacts the effectiveness of NLP systems. This phenomenon is even more prevalent in social media data during crisis events where meaning and frequency of word usage may change over the course of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Aniket Pramanick , Tilman Beck , Kevin Stowe , Iryna Gurevych

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to annotate learning interactions, yet concerns about reliability limit their utility. We test whether verification-oriented orchestration-prompting models to check their own labels…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Jinsook Lee , Zhuqian Zhou , Doug Pietrzak , Rene F. Kizilcec

Data annotation interfaces predominantly leverage ground truth labels to guide annotators toward accurate responses. With the growing adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in domain-specific professional tasks, it has become increasingly…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Zinat Ara , Hossein Salemi , Sungsoo Ray Hong , Yasas Senarath , Steve Peterson , Amanda Lee Hughes , Hemant Purohit

Ensuring annotator quality in training and evaluation data is a key piece of machine learning in NLP. Tasks such as sentiment analysis and offensive speech detection are intrinsically subjective, creating a challenging scenario for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Sujan Dutta , Deepak Pandita , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Marcos Zampieri , Christopher M. Homan , Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh

Controllable text generation systems often leverage control codes to direct various properties of the output like style and length. Inspired by recent work on causal inference for NLP, this paper reveals a previously overlooked flaw in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Junyi Chai , Reid Pryzant , Victor Ye Dong , Konstantin Golobokov , Chenguang Zhu , Yi Liu

Various machine learning approaches have gained significant popularity for the automated classification of educational text to identify indicators of learning engagement -- i.e. learning engagement classification (LEC). LEC can offer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Shiqi Liu , Sannyuya Liu , Lele Sha , Zijie Zeng , Dragan Gasevic , Zhi Liu