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In Machine Learning, the emergence of \textit{the right to be forgotten} gave birth to a paradigm named \textit{machine unlearning}, which enables data holders to proactively erase their data from a trained model. Existing machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Yi Liu , Lei Xu , Xingliang Yuan , Cong Wang , Bo Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in politically sensitive environments, where memorisation of personal data or confidential content raises regulatory concerns under frameworks such as the GDPR and its Right to be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Esen Kurt , Haithem Afli

The right of an individual to request the deletion of their personal data by an entity that might be storing it -- referred to as the right to be forgotten -- has been explicitly recognized, legislated, and exercised in several…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Sanjam Garg , Shafi Goldwasser , Prashant Nalini Vasudevan

We study the right to be forgotten (GDPR Art. 17) for large language models and frame unlearning as a reproducible systems problem. Our approach treats training as a deterministic program and logs a minimal per-microbatch record (ordered ID…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Abdullah X

The European General Data Protection Regulation asserts data subjects' right to be forgotten, i.e., their right to request that all their personal data be deleted from an organizations' data stores. However, fulfilling such requests in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Abigail Goldsteen , Tomer Douek , Yaniv Cohen , Igor Gokhman , Ofir Keren-Ackerman , Gadi Katsovich , Grisha Weintraub , Doron Ben-Ari

Revoking personal private data is one of the basic human rights, which has already been sheltered by several privacy-preserving laws in many countries. However, with the development of data science, machine learning and deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Juexiao Zhou , Haoyang Li , Xingyu Liao , Bin Zhang , Wenjia He , Zhongxiao Li , Longxi Zhou , Xin Gao

With the passage of the Right to Be Forgotten (RTBF) regulations and the scaling up of language model training datasets, research on model unlearning in large language models (LLMs) has become more crucial. Before the era of LLMs, machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Bichen Wang , Yuzhe Zi , Yixin Sun , Yanyan Zhao , Bing Qin

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has become a touchstone model for modern privacy law, in part because it empowers consumers with unprecedented control over the use of their personal information. However, this same power may be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-03 James Pavur , Casey Knerr

The GDPR requires websites to facilitate the right to revoke consent from Web users. While numerous studies measured compliance of consent with the various consent requirements, no prior work has studied consent revocation on the Web.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Gayatri Priyadarsini Kancherla , Nataliia Bielova , Cristiana Santos , Abhishek Bichhawat

This paper reports on findings from a comparative study on the effectiveness and efficiency of federated unlearning strategies within Federated Online Learning to Rank (FOLTR), with specific attention to systematically analysing the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yiling Tao , Shuyi Wang , Jiaxi Yang , Guido Zuccon

The GDPR grants data subjects certain rights, like the right to access their data from companies, but in practice multiple problems exist with exercising these rights such as unknown data holders or interpreting the received data. Small and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Erik Klinger , Alex Wiesmaier , Andreas Heinemann

There is an increasing role for the IT design community to play in regulation of emerging IT. Article 25 of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 2016 puts this on a strict legal basis by establishing the need for information…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-01-23 Lachlan Urquhart , Neelima Sailaja , Derek McAuley

Privacy protection laws, such as the GDPR, grant individuals the right to request the forgetting of their personal data not only from databases but also from machine learning (ML) models trained on them. Machine unlearning has emerged as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Josep Domingo-Ferrer , Najeeb Jebreel , David Sánchez

The right to be forgotten, as stated in most data regulations, poses an underexplored challenge in federated learning (FL), leading to the development of federated unlearning (FU). However, current FU approaches often face trade-offs…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-03 Zhipeng Deng , Luyang Luo , Hao Chen

This article discusses the troubled relationship between contemporary advertising technology (adtech) systems, in particular systems of real-time bidding (RTB, also known as programmatic advertising) underpinning much behavioral targeting…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Michael Veale , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

Since its implementation in May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has prompted businesses to revisit and revise their data handling practices to ensure compliance. The privacy policy, which serves as the primary means of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Lu Zhang , Nabil Moukafih , Hamad Alamri , Gregory Epiphaniou , Carsten Maple

Specifying legal requirements for software systems to ensure their compliance with the applicable regulations is a major concern to requirements engineering (RE). Personal data which is collected by an organization is often shared with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Muhammad Ilyas Azeem , Sallam Abualhaija

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative training of a machine learning (ML) model across multiple parties, facilitating the preservation of users' and institutions' privacy by maintaining data stored locally. Instead of centralizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Nicolò Romandini , Alessio Mora , Carlo Mazzocca , Rebecca Montanari , Paolo Bellavista

The Accountability Principle of the GDPR requires that an organisation can demonstrate compliance with the regulations. A survey of GDPR compliance software solutions shows significant gaps in their ability to demonstrate compliance. In…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Paul Ryan , Martin Crane , Rob Brennan

Nowadays, machine learning models, especially neural networks, become prevalent in many real-world applications.These models are trained based on a one-way trip from user data: as long as users contribute their data, there is no way to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Yang Liu , Zhuo Ma , Ximeng Liu , Jian Liu , Zhongyuan Jiang , Jianfeng Ma , Philip Yu , Kui Ren