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This paper investigates the problem of online prediction learning, where learning proceeds continuously as the agent interacts with an environment. The predictions made by the agent are contingent on a particular way of behaving,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-08 Sina Ghiassian , Andrew Patterson , Martha White , Richard S. Sutton , Adam White

On-policy distillation (OPD) is a standard tool for transferring teacher behavior to a smaller student, but it implicitly assumes that teacher and student predictions are comparable token by token, an assumption that fails whenever the two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jie Sun , Mao Zheng , Mingyang Song , Qiyong Zhong , Yilin Cheng , Bichuan Feng , Pengfei Liu , Junfeng Fang , Xiang Wang

Most existing federated learning methods are unable to estimate model/predictive uncertainty since the client models are trained using the standard loss function minimization approach which ignores such uncertainties. In many situations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Shrey Bhatt , Aishwarya Gupta , Piyush Rai

Adversarial training attains strong empirical robustness to specific adversarial attacks by training on concrete adversarial perturbations, but it produces neural networks that are not amenable to strong robustness certificates through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Alessandro De Palma

Knowledge distillation refers to a technique of transferring the knowledge from a large learned model or an ensemble of learned models to a small model. This method relies on access to the original training set, which might not always be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Xiaoyang Qu , Jianzong Wang , Jing Xiao

Due to the inability to interact with the environment, offline reinforcement learning (RL) methods face the challenge of estimating the Out-of-Distribution (OOD) points. Existing methods for addressing this issue either control policy to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Jing Zhang , Chi Zhang , Wenjia Wang , Bing-Yi Jing

A key problem in off-policy Reinforcement Learning (RL) is the mismatch, or distribution shift, between the dataset and the distribution over states and actions visited by the learned policy. This problem is exacerbated in the fully offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Melrose Roderick , Gaurav Manek , Felix Berkenkamp , J. Zico Kolter

Inference-time harnesses substantially improve large language models on complex reasoning tasks. However, the intrinsic capabilities of the underlying model remain unchanged by the addition of these external workflows. To bridge this gap,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhengyang Zhao , Lu Ma , Wentao Zhang

Recent deep metric learning (DML) methods typically leverage solely class labels to keep positive samples far away from negative ones. However, this type of method normally ignores the crucial knowledge hidden in the data (e.g., intra-class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Zelong Zeng , Fan Yang , Hong Liu , Shin'ichi Satoh

On-policy self-distillation trains a reasoning model on its own rollouts while a teacher, often the same model conditioned on privileged context, provides dense token-level supervision. Existing objectives typically weight the teacher's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Junlong Ke , Zichen Wen , Weijia Li , Conghui He , Linfeng Zhang

Learning from observations (LfO) replicates expert behavior without needing access to the expert's actions, making it more practical than learning from demonstrations (LfD) in many real-world scenarios. However, directly applying the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-22 Yirui Zhou , Yunfei Jin , Xiaowei Liu , Xiaofeng Zhang , Yangchun Zhang

Flow-matching policies have emerged as a powerful paradigm for generalist robotics. These models are trained to imitate an action chunk, conditioned on sensor observations and textual instructions. Often, training demonstrations are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Samuel Pfrommer , Yixiao Huang , Somayeh Sojoudi

We investigate whether knowledge distillation (KD) from multiple heterogeneous teacher models can enhance the generation of transferable adversarial examples. A lightweight student model is trained using two KD strategies: curriculum-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Siddhartha Pradhan , Shikshya Shiwakoti , Neha Bathuri

Although diffusion models have achieved strong results in decision-making tasks, their slow inference speed remains a key limitation. While consistency models offer a potential solution, existing applications to decision-making either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Xintong Duan , Yutong He , Fahim Tajwar , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , J. Zico Kolter , Jeff Schneider

Adapting large language models (LLMs) to long-context tasks requires post-training methods that remain accurate and coherent over thousands of tokens. Existing approaches are limited in several ways: 1) off-policy methods such as supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Miguel Moura Ramos , Duarte M. Alves , André F. T. Martins

We introduce Proximal Policy Distillation (PPD), a novel policy distillation method that integrates student-driven distillation and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) to increase sample efficiency and to leverage the additional rewards that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Giacomo Spigler

This paper studies Learning from Observations (LfO) for imitation learning with access to state-only demonstrations. In contrast to Learning from Demonstration (LfD) that involves both action and state supervision, LfO is more practical in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Chao Yang , Xiaojian Ma , Wenbing Huang , Fuchun Sun , Huaping Liu , Junzhou Huang , Chuang Gan

Knowledge distillation is a simple but powerful way to transfer knowledge between a teacher model to a student model. Existing work suffers from at least one of the following key limitations in terms of direction and scope of transfer which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Michael Livanos , Ian Davidson , Stephen Wong

Decision transformer based sequential policies have emerged as a powerful paradigm in offline reinforcement learning (RL), yet their efficacy remains constrained by the quality of static datasets and inherent architectural limitations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yihao Qin , Yuanfei Wang , Hang Zhou , Peiran Liu , Hao Dong , Yiding Ji

Reasoning-centric large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance by generating intermediate reasoning trajectories, but often incur excessive token usage and high inference-time decoding cost. We observe that, when solving the same…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Han Yang , Mingyan Wu , Bailan He , Zeyu Cao , Sikuan Yan , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Zifeng Ding
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