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This paper presents UniBERT, a compact multilingual language model that uses an innovative training framework that integrates three components: masked language modeling, adversarial training, and knowledge distillation. Pre-trained on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Andrei-Marius Avram , Marian Lupaşcu , Dumitru-Clementin Cercel , Ionuţ Mironică , Ştefan Trăuşan-Matu

In recent studies, it has been shown that Multilingual language models underperform their monolingual counterparts. It is also a well-known fact that training and maintaining monolingual models for each language is a costly and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Usama Khalid , Mirza Omer Beg , Muhammad Umair Arshad

Arabic poetry, with its rich linguistic features and profound cultural significance, presents a unique challenge to the Natural Language Processing (NLP) field. The complexity of its structure and context necessitates advanced computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Faisal Qarah

Since their initial release, BERT models have demonstrated exceptional performance on a variety of tasks, despite their relatively small size (BERT-base has ~100M parameters). Nevertheless, the architectural choices used in these models are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Shaltiel Shmidman , Avi Shmidman , Moshe Koppel

Transformer architectures based on the attention mechanism have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), driving major breakthroughs across virtually every NLP task. However, their substantial memory and computational requirements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Riccardo Bravin , Massimo Pavan , Hazem Hesham Yousef Shalby , Fabrizio Pittorino , Manuel Roveri

Pre-trained language models such as BERT have been successful at tackling many natural language processing tasks. However, the unsupervised sub-word tokenization methods commonly used in these models (e.g., byte-pair encoding - BPE) are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Antoine Nzeyimana , Andre Niyongabo Rubungo

Transformer-based models such as BERT have significantly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) across many languages. However, Nepali, a low-resource language written in Devanagari script, remains relatively underexplored. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Nischal Karki , Bipesh Subedi , Prakash Poudyal , Rupak Raj Ghimire , Bal Krishna Bal

Language-specific pre-trained models have proven to be more accurate than multilingual ones in a monolingual evaluation setting, Arabic is no exception. However, we found that previously released Arabic BERT models were significantly…

Large-scale transformer-based models like the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) are widely used for Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, wherein these models are initially pre-trained with a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Mohammad Wali Ur Rahman , Murad Mehrab Abrar , Hunter Gibbons Copening , Salim Hariri , Sicong Shao , Pratik Satam , Soheil Salehi

NLP is currently dominated by general-purpose pretrained language models like RoBERTa, which achieve strong performance on NLU tasks through pretraining on billions of words. But what exact knowledge or skills do Transformer LMs learn from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Yian Zhang , Alex Warstadt , Haau-Sing Li , Samuel R. Bowman

This study presents EgyBERT, an Arabic language model pretrained on 10.4 GB of Egyptian dialectal texts. We evaluated EgyBERT's performance by comparing it with five other multidialect Arabic language models across 10 evaluation datasets.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Faisal Qarah

In order to provide benchmark performance for Urdu text document classification, the contribution of this paper is manifold. First, it pro-vides a publicly available benchmark dataset manually tagged against 6 classes. Second, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Muhammad Nabeel Asim , Muhammad Usman Ghani , Muhammad Ali Ibrahim , Sheraz Ahmad , Waqar Mahmood , Andreas Dengel

Neural information retrieval systems excel in high-resource languages but remain underexplored for morphologically rich, lower-resource languages such as Turkish. Dense bi-encoders currently dominate Turkish IR, yet late-interaction models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Özay Ezerceli , Mahmoud El Hussieni , Selva Taş , Reyhan Bayraktar , Fatma Betül Terzioğlu , Yusuf Çelebi , Yağız Asker

The unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) problem has been greatly advanced by recent deep learning techniques and well-designed debias algorithms. However, promising results on the existing benchmark datasets may not be extended to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Lixin Zou , Haitao Mao , Xiaokai Chu , Jiliang Tang , Wenwen Ye , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin

The use of derogatory terms in languages that employ code mixing, such as Roman Urdu, presents challenges for Natural Language Processing systems due to unstated grammar, inconsistent spelling, and a scarcity of labeled data. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Nisar Hussain , Amna Qasim , Gull Mehak , Muhammad Zain , Momina Hafeez , Grigori Sidorov

In this paper, we compare general-purpose models, GPT-4-Turbo and Llama-3-8b, with special-purpose models--XLM-Roberta-large, mT5-large, and Llama-3-8b--that have been fine-tuned on specific tasks. We focus on seven classification and seven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Samee Arif , Abdul Hameed Azeemi , Agha Ali Raza , Awais Athar

In this paper, we introduce SaudiBERT, a monodialect Arabic language model pretrained exclusively on Saudi dialectal text. To demonstrate the model's effectiveness, we compared SaudiBERT with six different multidialect Arabic language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Faisal Qarah

Evaluating text comprehension in educational settings is critical for understanding student performance and improving curricular effectiveness. This study investigates the capability of state-of-the-art language models-RoBERTa Base,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Abdullah Khondoker , Enam Ahmed Taufik , Md Iftekhar Islam Tashik , S M Ishtiak mahmud , Antara Firoz Parsa

This paper presents a performance study of transformer language models under different hardware configurations and accuracy requirements and derives empirical observations about these resource/accuracy trade-offs. In particular, we study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Souvika Sarkar , Mohammad Fakhruddin Babar , Md Mahadi Hassan , Monowar Hasan , Shubhra Kanti Karmaker Santu

Document level Urdu Sentiment Analysis (SA) is a challenging Natural Language Processing (NLP) task as it deals with large documents in a resource-poor language. In large documents, there are ample amounts of words that exhibit different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Ammarah Irum , M. Ali Tahir