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Neural audio codecs are at the core of modern conversational speech technologies, converting continuous speech into sequences of discrete tokens that can be processed by LLMs. However, existing codecs typically operate at fixed frame rates,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Luca Della Libera , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

Speech super-resolution (SSR) aims to recover a high resolution (HR) speech from its corresponding low resolution (LR) counterpart. Recent SSR methods focus more on the reconstruction of the magnitude spectrogram, ignoring the importance of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-22 Chenhao Shuai , Chaohua Shi , Lu Gan , Hongqing Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced audio processing by leveraging audio codecs to discretize audio into tokens, enabling the application of language modeling techniques to speech data. However, existing audio codecs…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-11 Edresson Casanova , Paarth Neekhara , Ryan Langman , Shehzeen Hussain , Subhankar Ghosh , Xuesong Yang , Ante Jukić , Jason Li , Boris Ginsburg

Recently, speech codecs based on neural networks have proven to perform better than traditional methods. However, redundancy in traditional parameter quantization is visible within the codec architecture of combining the traditional codec…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Youqiang Zheng , Li Xiao , Weiping Tu , Yuhong Yang , Xinmeng Xu

Recent advancements in end-to-end neural speech codecs enable compressing audio at extremely low bitrates while maintaining high-fidelity reconstruction. Meanwhile, low computational complexity and low latency are crucial for real-time…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Leyan Yang , Ronghui Hu , Yang Xu , Jing Lu

This paper introduces a novel neural audio codec targeting high waveform sampling rates and low bitrates named APCodec, which seamlessly integrates the strengths of parametric codecs and waveform codecs. The APCodec revolutionizes the…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Yang Ai , Xiao-Hang Jiang , Ye-Xin Lu , Hui-Peng Du , Zhen-Hua Ling

We present a scalable and efficient neural waveform coding system for speech compression. We formulate the speech coding problem as an autoencoding task, where a convolutional neural network (CNN) performs encoding and decoding as a neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-30 Kai Zhen , Jongmo Sung , Mi Suk Lee , Seungkwon Beak , Minje Kim

Conventional Computed Tomography (CT) methods require large numbers of noise-free projections for accurate density reconstructions, limiting their applicability to the more complex class of Cone Beam Geometry CT (CBCT) reconstruction.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-18 Samuele Papa , David M. Knigge , Riccardo Valperga , Nikita Moriakov , Miltos Kofinas , Jan-Jakob Sonke , Efstratios Gavves

Speech codecs are traditionally optimized for waveform fidelity, allocating bits to preserve acoustic detail even when much of it can be inferred from linguistic structure. This leads to inefficient compression and suboptimal performance on…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Liuyang Bai , Weiyi Lu , Li Guo

In recent years, large language models have achieved significant success in generative tasks related to speech, audio, music, and other signal domains. A crucial element of these models is the discrete acoustic codecs, which serve as an…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-05 Shengpeng Ji , Minghui Fang , Jialong Zuo , Ziyue Jiang , Dingdong Wang , Hanting Wang , Hai Huang , Zhou Zhao

The neural codec language model (CLM) has demonstrated remarkable performance in text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis. However, troubled by ``recency bias", CLM lacks sufficient attention to coarse-grained information at a higher temporal scale,…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Haohan Guo , Fenglong Xie , Dongchao Yang , Xixin Wu , Helen Meng

Speech codecs learn compact representations of speech signals to facilitate data transmission. Many recent deep neural network (DNN) based end-to-end speech codecs achieve low bitrates and high perceptual quality at the cost of model…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-11 Kai Zhen , Jongmo Sung , Mi Suk Lee , Seungkwon Beack , Minje Kim

This paper presents LongCat-Audio-Codec, an audio tokenizer and detokenizer solution designed for industrial grade end-to-end speech large language models. By leveraging a decoupled model architecture and a multistage training strategy,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Xiaohan Zhao , Hongyu Xiang , Shengze Ye , Song Li , Zhengkun Tian , Guanyu Chen , Ke Ding , Guanglu Wan

Previous speech enhancement methods focus on estimating the short-time spectrum of speech signals due to its short-term stability. However, these methods often only estimate the clean magnitude spectrum and reuse the noisy phase when…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Chuang Geng , Lei Wang

Most neural speech codecs achieve bitrate adjustment through intra-frame mechanisms, such as codebook dropout, at a Constant Frame Rate (CFR). However, speech segments inherently have time-varying information density (e.g., silent intervals…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-09 Hanglei Zhang , Yiwei Guo , Zhihan Li , Xiang Hao , Xie Chen , Kai Yu

In low-bitrate speech coding, end-to-end speech coding networks aim to learn compact yet expressive features and a powerful decoder in a single network. A challenging problem as such results in unwelcome complexity increase and inferior…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-16 Haici Yang , Inseon Jang , Minje Kim

While recent neural audio codecs deliver superior speech quality at ultralow bitrates over traditional methods, their practical adoption is hindered by obstacles related to low-resource operation and robustness to acoustic distortions. Edge…

This paper explores the integration of model-based and data-driven approaches within the realm of neural speech and audio coding systems. It highlights the challenges posed by the subjective evaluation processes of speech and audio codecs…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Minje Kim , Jan Skoglund

Two-stage pipeline is popular in speech enhancement tasks due to its superiority over traditional single-stage methods. The current two-stage approaches usually enhance the magnitude spectrum in the first stage, and further modify the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-22 Yuewei Zhang , Huanbin Zou , Jie Zhu

We present SoundStream, a novel neural audio codec that can efficiently compress speech, music and general audio at bitrates normally targeted by speech-tailored codecs. SoundStream relies on a model architecture composed by a fully…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Neil Zeghidour , Alejandro Luebs , Ahmed Omran , Jan Skoglund , Marco Tagliasacchi