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Large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential in decision-making due to the vast amount of knowledge stored within the models. However, these pre-trained models are prone to lack reasoning abilities and are difficult to adapt to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Wei Chen , Jiahao Zhang , Haipeng Zhu , Boyan Xu , Zhifeng Hao , Keli Zhang , Junjian Ye , Ruichu Cai

Task planning, the problem of sequencing actions to reach a goal from an initial state, is a core capability requirement for autonomous robotic systems. Whether large language models (LLMs) can serve as viable planners alongside classical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Kai Göbel , Pierrick Lorang , Patrik Zips , Tobias Glück

There is a growing interest in applying pre-trained large language models (LLMs) to planning problems. However, methods that use LLMs directly as planners are currently impractical due to several factors, including limited correctness of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Lin Guan , Karthik Valmeekam , Sarath Sreedharan , Subbarao Kambhampati

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) have emerged as a compelling alternative to autoregressive (AR) LLMs, owing to their capacity for parallel token generation. This paradigm is particularly well-suited for code generation, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Haolei Bai , Lingcheng Kong , Xueyi Chen , Jianmian Wang , Zhiqiang Tao , Huan Wang

In modern industry, dynamic environments and the complexity of modular and reconfigurable resources require automated planning of process sequences. Capability-based planning approaches address this by automatically generating plans from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva , Nicolas König , Felix Gehlhoff

Integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) into complex software systems enables the generation of human-understandable explanations of opaque AI processes, such as automated task planning. However, the quality and reliability of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Gricel Vázquez , Alexandros Evangelidis , Sepeedeh Shahbeigi , Radu Calinescu , Simos Gerasimou

Autonomous driving requires generating safe and reliable trajectories from complex multimodal inputs. Traditional modular pipelines separate perception, prediction, and planning, while recent end-to-end (E2E) systems learn them jointly.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Qihang Peng , Xuesong Chen , Chenye Yang , Shaoshuai Shi , Hongsheng Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at generating human-like dialogues and comprehending text. However, understanding the subtleties of complex exchanges in language remains a challenge. We propose a bootstrapping framework that leverages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Tanushree Banerjee , Richard Zhu , Runzhe Yang , Karthik Narasimhan

Educational interventions are effective tools for enhancing student learning. While Large Language Models (LLMs) allow for generating adaptive feedback at scale, current studies lack clear methodologies for providing Just-in-Time (JiT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Younghun Lee , Amir Bralin , Nobel Sanjay Rebello , Dan Goldwasser

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable progress in automated code generation. Yet, LLM-generated code may contain errors in API usage, class, data structure, or missing project-specific information. As much of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Zhangqian Bi , Yao Wan , Zheng Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Batu Guan , Fangxin Lu , Zili Zhang , Yulei Sui , Hai Jin , Xuanhua Shi

Recent advances in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have led to significant performance improvements across many tasks. These gains come with a drastic increase in the models' size, potentially leading to slow and costly use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Tal Schuster , Adam Fisch , Jai Gupta , Mostafa Dehghani , Dara Bahri , Vinh Q. Tran , Yi Tay , Donald Metzler

Despite the advancements in in-context learning (ICL) for large language models (LLMs), current research centers on specific prompt engineering, such as demonstration selection, with the expectation that a single iteration of demonstrations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Jiaxi Yang , Binyuan Hui , Min Yang , Bailin Wang , Bowen Li , Binhua Li , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Planning represents a fundamental capability of intelligent agents, requiring comprehensive environmental understanding, rigorous logical reasoning, and effective sequential decision-making. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Pengfei Cao , Tianyi Men , Wencan Liu , Jingwen Zhang , Xuzhao Li , Xixun Lin , Dianbo Sui , Yanan Cao , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Despite the remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) on traditional natural language processing tasks, their planning ability remains a critical bottleneck in tackling complex multi-step reasoning tasks. Existing approaches mainly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jiaxin Wen , Jian Guan , Hongning Wang , Wei Wu , Minlie Huang

Controllable generation is a fundamental task in NLP with many applications, providing a basis for function calling to agentic communication. However, even state-of-the-art autoregressive Large Language Models (LLMs) today exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhen Xiong , Yujun Cai , Zhecheng Li , Yiwei Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant success across various domains. However, their application in complex decision-making tasks frequently necessitates intricate prompt engineering or fine-tuning, leading to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Wanpeng Zhang , Zongqing Lu

Despite the significant progress of large language models (LLMs) in various tasks, they often produce factual errors due to their limited internal knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which enhances LLMs with external knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yuanjie Lyu , Zihan Niu , Zheyong Xie , Chao Zhang , Tong Xu , Yang Wang , Enhong Chen

In domains requiring intelligent agents to emulate plausible human-like behaviour, such as formative simulations, traditional techniques like behaviour trees encounter significant challenges. Large Language Models (LLMs), despite not always…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Israel Puerta-Merino , Jordi Sabater-Mir

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated potential in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but such training typically demands substantial efforts in creating and annotating data. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Hangfan Zhang , Siyuan Xu , Zhimeng Guo , Huaisheng Zhu , Shicheng Liu , Xinrun Wang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Shuyue Hu

When programming students encounter errors in their code, compiler messages or static analysis output often provide limited guidance, particularly for novice programmers. Personalized feedback from instructors can be effective but does not…