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The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig

The increasing demand for computational resources of training neural networks leads to a concerning growth in energy consumption. While parallelization has enabled upscaling model and dataset sizes and accelerated training, its impact on…

Context. The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to their widespread adoption in development pipelines. Goal. We empirically assess the energy efficiency of Python code generated by LLMs against human-written code and code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Radu Apsan , Vincenzo Stoico , Michel Albonico , Rudra Dhar , Karthik Vaidhyanathan , Ivano Malavolta

The importance of low power consumption is widely acknowledged due to the increasing use of portable devices, which require minimizing the consumption of energy. The energy in a computational system depends heavily on the software being…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2024-04-15 Kostas Zotos , Andreas Litke , Alexander Chatzigeorgiou , Spyros Nikolaidis , George Stephanides

While the large energy consumption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is recognized by the community, system operators lack guidance for energy-efficient LLM inference deployments that leverage energy trade-offs of heterogeneous hardware due…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Mauricio Fadel Argerich , Jonathan Fürst , Marta Patiño-Martínez

Cloud platforms' rapid growth is raising significant concerns about their carbon emissions. To reduce emissions, future cloud platforms will need to increase their reliance on renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, which have…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Abel Souza , Noman Bashir , Jorge Murillo , Walid Hanafy , Qianlin Liang , David Irwin , Prashant Shenoy

The design of embedded systems is a complex activity that involves a lot of decisions. With high performance demands of present day usage scenarios and software, they often involve energy hungry state-of-the-art computing units. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-01-03 Ivan Švogor

Datacenters (DCs), deployed in a large scale to support the ever increasing demand for data processing applications, consume tremendous energy. Powering DCs with renewable energy can effectively reduce the brown energy consumption. Owing to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-02-20 Liang Zhang , Tao Han , Nirwan Ansari

The rising energy demands of machine learning (ML), e.g., implemented in popular variants like retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems, have raised significant concerns about their environmental sustainability. While previous research…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zhinuan Guo , Chushu Gao , Justus Bogner

Energy conservation of large data centers for high-performance computing workloads, such as deep learning with big data, is of critical significance, where cutting down a few percent of electricity translates into million-dollar savings.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Xinxin Mei , Qiang Wang , Xiaowen Chu , Hai Liu , Yiu-Wing Leung , Zongpeng Li

Energy-efficient software helps improve mobile device experiences and reduce the carbon footprint of data centers. However, energy goals are often de-prioritized in order to meet other requirements. We take inspiration from recent work…

In light of the ever growing energy needs of the ICT sector, a value that is becoming increasingly important for a mobile network is its power consumption. However, the transition away from legacy network deployments tightly coupled with…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Arturo Bellin , Fabrizio Granelli , Daniele Munaretto

Cloud-based software-as-a-service (SaaS) have gained popularity due to their low cost and elasticity. However, like other software, SaaS applications suffer from code smells, which can drastically affect functionality and resource usage.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Asif Imran , Tevfik Kosar

Promoting energy efficiency to a first class system design goal is an important research challenge. Although more energy-efficient hardware can be designed, it is software that controls the hardware; for a given system the potential for…

Container technology, as the key enabler behind microservice architectures, is widely applied in Cloud and Edge Computing. A long and continuous running of operating system (OS) host-ing container-based services can encounter software aging…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Jing Bai , Xiaolin Chang , Fumio Machida , Kishor S. Trivedi

Incorporating Renewable Energy Sources (RES) incurs a high level of uncertainties to electric power systems. This level of uncertainties makes the conventional energy management methods inefficient and jeopardizes the security of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-17 Mohammad Rasoul Narimani , Ali Azizivahed , Ehsan Naderi

Efficiently utilizing procured power and optimizing performance of scientific applications under power and energy constraints are challenging. The HPC PowerStack defines a software stack to manage power and energy of high-performance…

With the advancement of Cloud Computing over the past few years, there has been a massive shift from traditional data centers to cloud enabled data centers. The enterprises with cloud data centers are focusing their attention on energy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-11-25 Radheshyam Nanduri , Dharmesh Kakadia , Vasudeva Varma

The rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised significant environmental concerns. Unlike the one-time cost of training, LLM inference occurs continuously and dominates the AI energy footprint. Yet most sustainability studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Hemang Jain , Shailender Goyal , Divyansh Pandey , Karthik Vaidhyanathan

Improving the energy efficiency of mobile applications is a topic that has gained a lot of attention recently. It has been addressed in a number of ways such as identifying energy bugs and developing a catalog of energy patterns. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Mohammad Abdul Hadi , Fatemeh H Fard