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Quantum resource distillation is a fundamental task in quantum information science and technology. Minimizing the overhead of distillation is crucial for the realization of quantum computation and other technologies. Here we explicitly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Kun Fang , Zi-Wen Liu

Fault-tolerant quantum computing requires a universal gate set, but the necessary non-Clifford gates represent a significant resource cost for most quantum error correction architectures. Magic state cultivation offers an efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 Emma Rosenfeld , Craig Gidney , Gabrielle Roberts , Alexis Morvan , Nathan Lacroix , Dvir Kafri , Jeffrey Marshall , Ming Li , Volodymyr Sivak , Dmitry Abanin , Amira Abbas , Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Sayra Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Walt Askew , Nikita Astrakhantsev , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Hector Bates , Andreas Bengtsson , Majid Bigdeli Karimi , Alexander Bilmes , Simon Bilodeau , Felix Borjans , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Peter Brooks , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Jamal Busnaina , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Silas Chen , Zijun Chen , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Bryan Cochrane , Matt Cockrell , Josh Cogan , Paul Conner , Harold Cook , Rodrigo G. Cortiñas , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Martin Damyanov , Sayan Das , Dripto M. Debroy , Sean Demura , Paul Donohoe , Ilya Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Valerie Ehimhen , Alec Eickbusch , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Lior Ella , Mahmoud Elzouka , David Enriquez , Catherine Erickson , Lara Faoro , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Marcos Flores , Leslie Flores Burgos , Sam Fontes , Ebrahim Forati , Jeremiah Ford , Brooks Foxen , Masaya Fukami , Alan Wing Lun Fung , Lenny Fuste , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Christopher Garrick , Robert Gasca , Helge Gehring , Robert Geiger , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , James E. Goeders , Edward C. Gonzales , Raja Gosula , Stijn J. de Graaf , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Joel Grebel , Alex Greene , Jonathan A. Gross , Jose Guerrero , Loïck Le Guevel , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Tanner Hadick , Ali Hadjikhani , Michael C. Hamilton , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Jeanne Hartshorn , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Oscar Higgott , Reno Hiltermann , Jeremy Hilton , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Mike Hucka , Christopher Hudspeth , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Lev B. Ioffe , Evan Jeffrey , Shaun Jevons , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Hui Kang , Kiseo Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Ryan Kaufman , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Paul V. Klimov , Can M. Knaut , Bryce Kobrin , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Ryuho Kudo , Ben Kueffler , Arun Kumar , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , Vitali Kutsko , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Emma Leavell , Justin Ledford , Joy Lee , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Wendy Leung , Lily Li , Wing Yan Li , Alexander T. Lill , William P. Livingston , Matthew T. Lloyd , Aditya Locharla , Laura De Lorenzo , Erik Lucero , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Sid Madhuk , Aniket Maiti , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrà , Leigh S. Martin , Orion Martin , Eric Mascot , Paul Masih Das , Dmitri Maslov , Melvin Mathews , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Matt McEwen , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Kevin C. Miao , Zlatko K. Minev , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Charles Neill , Michael Newman , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Nicholas Noll , Logan Oas , William D. Oliver , Raymond Orosco , Kristoffer Ottosson , Alice Pagano , Agustin Di Paolo , Sherman Peek , David Peterson , Alex Pizzuto , Elias Portoles , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Michael Qian , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Arpit Ranadive , Matthew J. Reagor , Rachel Resnick , David M. Rhodes , Daniel Riley , Roberto Rodriguez , Emma Ropes , Lucia B. De Rose , Eliott Rosenberg , Dario Rosenstock , Elizabeth Rossi , Pedram Roushan , David A. Rower , Robert Salazar , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Murat Can Sarihan , Max Schaefer , Sebastian Schroeder , Henry F. Schurkus , Aria Shahingohar , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Noah Shutty , Vladimir Shvarts , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , David A. Sobel , Barrett Spells , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alexander Sztein , Madeline Taylor , Jothi Priyanka Thiruraman , Douglas Thor , Dogan Timucin , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Hao Tran , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Benjamin Villalonga , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Meghan Voorhees , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Danni Wang , Brayden Ware , James D. Watson , Yonghua Wei , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Christopher J. Wood , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Elliot Young , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Ran Zhang , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist , Zhenjie Zou , Hartmut Neven , Sergio Boixo , Cody Jones , Julian Kelly , Alexandre Bourassa , Kevin J. Satzinger

Quantum error correction is a cornerstone of reliable quantum computing, with surface codes emerging as a prominent method for protecting quantum information. Surface codes are efficient for Clifford gates but require magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Avimita Chatterjee , Archisman Ghosh , Swaroop Ghosh

A fault-tolerant way to prepare logical code-states of Q1 codes, i.e., quantum polar codes encoding one qubit, has been recently proposed. The fault tolerance therein is guaranteed by an error detection gadget, where if an error is detected…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-12 Ashutosh Goswami , Mehdi Mhalla , Valentin Savin

Fault-tolerant (FT) preparation of diverse logical stabilizer states in quantum error-correcting (QEC) codes is essential for FT computation. Existing constructions of these FT circuits are often constrained by classical computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Diego Forlivesi , David Amaro

Preparation of high-fidelity logical magic states has remained as a necessary but daunting step towards building a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computer. One approach is to fault-tolerantly prepare a magic state in one code and then…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Lucas Daguerre , Robin Blume-Kohout , Natalie C. Brown , David Hayes , Isaac H. Kim

An important outstanding challenge that must be overcome in order to fully utilize the XY surface code for correcting biased Pauli noise is the phenomena of fragile temporal boundaries that arise during the standard logical state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-16 Pei-Kai Tsai , Yue Wu , Shruti Puri

The leading paradigm for performing computation on quantum memories can be encapsulated as distill-then-synthesize. Initially, one performs several rounds of distillation to create high-fidelity magic states that provide one good T gate, an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-15 Earl T. Campbell , Mark Howard

The distillation of magic states is an often-cited technique for enabling universal quantum computing once the error probability for a special subset of gates has been made negligible by other means. We present a routine for magic-state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-04-20 Adam M. Meier , Bryan Eastin , Emanuel Knill

We present a theorem that shows that all useful protocols for magic state distillation output states with a fidelity that is upper-bounded by those generated by a much smaller class of protocols. This reduced class consists of the protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-15 Earl T. Campbell , Dan E. Browne

State distillation is the process of taking a number of imperfect copies of a particular quantum state and producing fewer better copies. Until recently, the lowest overhead method of distilling states |A>=(|0>+e^{i\pi/4}|1>)/\sqrt{2}…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-12 Austin G. Fowler , Simon J. Devitt , Cody Jones

Chain-of-thought (CoT) distillation aims to enhance small language models' (SLMs) reasoning by transferring multi-step reasoning capability from the larger teacher models. However, existing work underestimates rationale quality, focusing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jianzhi Yan , Le Liu , Youcheng Pan , Shiwei Chen , Yang Xiang , Buzhou Tang

Concatenated error-correction schemes are well-understood routes to fault-tolerant quantum computing, and research on such schemes continues, including recent claims that they may be competitive with surface codes, and show potential when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Marco Fellous-Asiani , Hui Khoon Ng , Robert S. Whitney

We study distillation for large language models under explicit compute constraints, with the goal of producing student models that are not only cheaper to train, but structurally efficient at inference time. While prior approaches to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Mohammed Sabry , Anya Belz

We present an infinite family of protocols to distill magic states for $T$-gates that has a low space overhead and uses an asymptotic number of input magic states to achieve a given target error that is conjectured to be optimal. The space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings , D. Poulin , D. Wecker

Magic state cultivation is a leading approach for generating the resource states required for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Here we present a new cultivation protocol that increases the success probability of magic-state generation in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Yotam Vaknin , Shoham Jacoby , Arne Grimsmo , Alex Retzker

Magic states, by allowing non-Clifford gates through gate teleportation, are important building blocks of fault-tolerant quantum computation. Magic state distillation protocols aim to create clean copies of magic states from many noisier…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Heather Leitch , Yingkai Ouyang

Fault-tolerant state preparation is essential for reliable quantum error correction, particularly in Steane-type error correction, which relies on robust ancilla states for syndrome readout. One method of fault-tolerant state preparation is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Erik Weilandt , Tom Peham , Robert Wille

Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance have provided the possibility for large scale quantum computations without a detrimental loss of quantum information. A very natural class of gates for fault-tolerant quantum computation is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-12 Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Yafei Yu , Bassam Helou , Raymond Laflamme

A promising approach to achieving scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation is the use of quantum error correction (QEC) codes augmented with magic states i.e. resource states produced via distillation, cultivation, or $R_z$ synthesis and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Aditi Awasthi , Sayam Sethi , Sahil Khan , Gokul Subramanian Ravi , Jonathan Mark Baker