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Closed-loop sleep modulation is an emerging research paradigm to treat sleep disorders and enhance sleep benefits. However, two major barriers hinder the widespread application of this research paradigm. First, subjects often need to be…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-24 Mingzhe Sun , Aaron Zhou , Naize Yang , Yaqian Xu , Yuhan Hou , Xilin Liu

Accurate classification of sleep stages from less obtrusive sensor measurements such as the electrocardiogram (ECG) or photoplethysmogram (PPG) could enable important applications in sleep medicine. Existing approaches to this problem have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jonathan F. Carter , Lionel Tarassenko

We used convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automatic sleep stage scoring based on single-channel electroencephalography (EEG) to learn task-specific filters for classification without using prior domain knowledge. We used an openly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-10-07 Orestis Tsinalis , Paul M. Matthews , Yike Guo , Stefanos Zafeiriou

This paper proposes a deep learning (DL) model for automatic sleep stage classification based on single-channel EEG data. The DL model features a convolutional neural network (CNN) and transformers. The model was designed to run on energy…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-24 Zongyan Yao , Xilin Liu

The present study proposes a deep learning model, named DeepSleepNet, for automatic sleep stage scoring based on raw single-channel EEG. Most of the existing methods rely on hand-engineered features which require prior knowledge of sleep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-08-07 Akara Supratak , Hao Dong , Chao Wu , Yike Guo

Objective: Automatic sleep scoring is crucial for diagnosing sleep disorders. Existing frameworks based on Polysomnography often rely on long sequences of input signals to predict sleep stages, which can introduce complexity. Moreover,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-08 Muhammad Sudipto Siam Dip , Mohammod Abdul Motin , Chandan Karmakar , Thomas Penzel , Marimuthu Palaniswami

The past few years have witnessed a remarkable advance in deep learning for EEG-based sleep stage classification (SSC). However, the success of these models is attributed to possessing a massive amount of labeled data for training, limiting…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-14 Emadeldeen Eldele , Mohamed Ragab , Zhenghua Chen , Min Wu , Chee-Keong Kwoh , Xiaoli Li

Accurate classification of sleep stages is crucial for the diagnosis and management of sleep disorders. Conventional approaches for sleep scoring rely on manual annotation or features extracted from EEG signals in the time or frequency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Mehdi Zekriyapanah Gashti , Ghasem Farjamnia

Wearable EEG devices have emerged as a promising alternative to polysomnography (PSG). As affordable and scalable solutions, their widespread adoption results in the collection of massive volumes of unlabeled data that cannot be analyzed by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Emilio Estevan , María Sierra-Torralba , Eduardo López-Larraz , Luis Montesano

Introduction: This study presents FetalSleepNet, the first published deep learning approach to classifying sleep states from the ovine electroencephalogram (EEG). Fetal EEG is complex to acquire and difficult and laborious to interpret…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-13 Weitao Tang , Johann Vargas-Calixto , Nasim Katebi , Nhi Tran , Sharmony B. Kelly , Gari D. Clifford , Robert Galinsky , Faezeh Marzbanrad

Sleep staging based on electroencephalogram (EEG) plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. In order to emancipate human experts from heavy labeling work, deep neural networks have been employed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Xue Jiang

Brief fragments of sleep shorter than 15 s are defined as microsleep episodes (MSEs), often subjectively perceived as sleepiness. Their main characteristic is a slowing in frequency in the electroencephalogram (EEG), similar to stage N1…

Decoding information from bio-signals such as EEG, using machine learning has been a challenge due to the small data-sets and difficulty to obtain labels. We propose a reconstruction-based self-supervised learning model, the masked…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-07 Hsiang-Yun Sherry Chien , Hanlin Goh , Christopher M. Sandino , Joseph Y. Cheng

Automatic sleep staging is a critical task in healthcare due to the global prevalence of sleep disorders. This study focuses on single-channel electroencephalography (EEG), a practical and widely available signal for automatic sleep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Amirali Vakili , Salar Jahanshiri , Armin Salimi-Badr

Deep neural networks have played an important role in automatic sleep stage classification because of their strong representation and in-model feature transformation abilities. However, class imbalance and individual heterogeneity which…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-12 Xuewei Cheng , Ke Huang , Yi Zou , Shujie Ma

Sleep quality is central to human health, yet reliable and scalable sleep assessment remains an unmet challenge in both clinical and home-care settings. Manual scoring is labor-intensive and impractical for long-term monitoring, whereas…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Shengwei Guo , Guobing Sun

Over the last few years, research in automatic sleep scoring has mainly focused on developing increasingly complex deep learning architectures. However, recently these approaches achieved only marginal improvements, often at the expense of…

Processing and analyzing of massive clinical data are resource intensive and time consuming with traditional analytic tools. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the major technologies in detecting and diagnosing various brain disorders,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Serife Acikalin , Suleyman Eken , Ahmet Sayar

Sleep is essential for maintaining human health and quality of life. Analyzing physiological signals during sleep is critical in assessing sleep quality and diagnosing sleep disorders. However, manual diagnoses by clinicians are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Cheol-Hui Lee , Hakseung Kim , Byung C. Yoon , Dong-Joo Kim

Modeling effective representations using multiple views that positively influence each other is challenging, and the existing methods perform poorly on Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals for sleep-staging tasks. In this paper, we propose a…