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Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable capabilities but remain vulnerable to adversarial prompts known as jailbreaks, which can bypass safety alignment and elicit harmful outputs. Despite growing efforts in LLM safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Linghao Feng , Xiang He , Jihang Wang , Sicheng Shen , Haibo Tong , Yiting Dong , Jindong Li , Xiang Zheng , Yi Zeng

Existing gradient-based jailbreak attacks on Large Language Models (LLMs) typically optimize adversarial suffixes to align the LLM output with predefined target responses. However, restricting the objective as inducing fixed targets…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xinzhe Huang , Wenjing Hu , Tianhang Zheng , Kedong Xiu , Xiaojun Jia , Di Wang , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren

Open-weight language models can be rendered unsafe through several distinct interventions, but the resulting models may differ substantially in capabilities, behavioral profile, and internal failure mode. We study behavioral and mechanistic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Md Rysul Kabir , Zoran Tiganj

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable success in various tasks, yet their safety and the risk of generating harmful content remain pressing concerns. In this paper, we delve into the potential of In-Context Learning (ICL) to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zeming Wei , Yifei Wang , Ang Li , Yichuan Mo , Yisen Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) aligned with human feedback have recently garnered significant attention. However, it remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where adversaries manipulate prompts to induce harmful outputs. Exploring jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Hongyi Li , Jiawei Ye , Jie Wu , Tianjie Yan , Chu Wang , Zhixin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to be vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks, wherein adversaries exploit carefully engineered prompts to induce harmful or unethical responses. Such threats have raised critical concerns about the safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Taiye Chen , Zeming Wei , Ang Li , Yisen Wang

As jailbreaks, adversarially crafted inputs that bypass safety constraints, continue to be discovered in Large Language Models, practitioners increasingly rely on fine-tuning as a defensive strategy. Yet the theoretical foundations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Paul Wang , Jade Garcia-Bourrée , Anne-Marie Kermarrec , Vincent Corruble

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to a slew of adversarial attacks and jailbreaking methods. One common approach employed by white-hat attackers, or red-teamers, is to process model inputs and outputs using string-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Brian R. Y. Huang

While explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) empowers large reasoning models (LRMs), it enables the generation of riskier final answers. Current alignment paradigms primarily rely on externally enforced compliance, optimizing models to detect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yi Zhang , Yuxin Chen , Leheng Sheng , Dongcheng Zhang , Chaochao Lu , Xiang Wang , An Zhang

This paper investigates the impact of model compression on the way Large Language Models (LLMs) process prompts, particularly concerning jailbreak resistance. We show that moderate WANDA pruning can enhance resistance to jailbreaking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Adib Hasan , Ileana Rugina , Alex Wang

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to various applications, ensuring both their safety and utility is paramount. Jailbreak attacks, which manipulate LLMs into generating harmful content, pose significant challenges to this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Yiting Dong , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

As the use of large language models (LLMs) continues to expand, ensuring their safety and robustness has become a critical challenge. In particular, jailbreak attacks that bypass built-in safety mechanisms are increasingly recognized as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Hajun Kim , Hyunsik Na , Daeseon Choi

Ensuring AI safety is crucial as large language models become increasingly integrated into real-world applications. A key challenge is jailbreak, where adversarial prompts bypass built-in safeguards to elicit harmful disallowed outputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Zixuan Weng , Xiaolong Jin , Jinyuan Jia , Xiangyu Zhang

Large vision-language models (VLMs) often exhibit weakened safety alignment with the integration of the visual modality. Even when text prompts contain explicit harmful intent, adding an image can substantially increase jailbreak success…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Zhihua Wei , Qiang Li , Jian Ruan , Zhenxin Qin , Leilei Wen , Dongrui Liu , Wen Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) with safe-alignment training are powerful instruments with robust language comprehension capabilities. These models typically undergo meticulous alignment procedures involving human feedback to ensure the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Maithili Joshi , Palash Nandi , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Jailbreaking poses a significant risk to the deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs). VLMs are particularly vulnerable because they process both text and images, creating broader attack surfaces.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Mirae Kim , Seonghun Jeong , Youngjun Kwak

Multi-turn conversational attacks, which leverage psychological principles like Foot-in-the-Door (FITD), where a small initial request paves the way for a more significant one, to bypass safety alignments, pose a persistent threat to Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Adarsh Kumarappan , Ananya Mujoo

Jailbreaking techniques pose a significant threat to the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs). Existing defenses typically focus on single-turn attacks, lack coverage across languages, and rely on limited taxonomies that either fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Francesco Giarrusso , Olga E. Sorokoletova , Vincenzo Suriani , Daniele Nardi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been extensively used across diverse domains, including virtual assistants, automated code generation, and scientific research. However, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, which manipulate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Haoran Gu , Handing Wang , Yi Mei , Mengjie Zhang , Yaochu Jin

While defenses against single-turn jailbreak attacks on Large Language Models (LLMs) have improved significantly, multi-turn jailbreaks remain a persistent vulnerability, often achieving success rates exceeding 70% against models optimized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xiaoxue Yang , Jaeha Lee , Anna-Katharina Dick , Jasper Timm , Fei Xie , Diogo Cruz
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