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Human-machine interaction is increasingly dependent on speech communication. Machine Learning models are usually applied to interpret human speech commands. However, these models can be fooled by adversarial examples, which are inputs…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-15 Jon Vadillo , Roberto Santana

The recent emergence of machine-manipulated media raises an important societal question: how can we know if a video that we watch is real or fake? In two online studies with 15,016 participants, we present authentic videos and deepfakes and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Matthew Groh , Ziv Epstein , Chaz Firestone , Rosalind Picard

With a recent influx of voice generation methods, the threat introduced by audio DeepFake (DF) is ever-increasing. Several different detection methods have been presented as a countermeasure. Many methods are based on so-called front-ends,…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Piotr Kawa , Marcin Plata , Michał Czuba , Piotr Szymański , Piotr Syga

The mushroomed Deepfake synthetic materials circulated on the internet have raised a profound social impact on politicians, celebrities, and individuals worldwide. In this survey, we provide a thorough review of the existing Deepfake…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Tianyi Wang , Xin Liao , Kam Pui Chow , Xiaodong Lin , Yinglong Wang

Deepfake audio poses a rising threat in communication platforms, necessitating real-time detection for audio stream integrity. Unlike traditional non-real-time approaches, this study assesses the viability of employing static deepfake audio…

Due to the successful application of deep learning, audio spoofing detection has made significant progress. Spoofed audio with speech synthesis or voice conversion can be well detected by many countermeasures. However, an automatic speaker…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Lian Huang , Chi-Man Pun

The continually advancing quality of deepfake technology exacerbates the threats of disinformation, fraud, and harassment by making maliciously-generated synthetic content increasingly difficult to distinguish from reality. We introduce a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jack Richings , Margaux Leblanc , Ian Groves , Victoria Nockles

For nearly a decade, deepfake detection has been framed as a classification task: given an audio or video clip, decide whether it is real or synthetic. Top detectors often report high accuracy on standard benchmarks; however, performance…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jessee Ho , Shweta Khushu , Shaina Raza

Deepfake (DF) attacks pose a growing threat as generative models become increasingly advanced. However, our study reveals that existing DF datasets fail to deceive human perception, unlike real DF attacks that influence public discourse. It…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Oguzhan Baser , Ahmet Ege Tanriverdi , Sriram Vishwanath , Sandeep P. Chinchali

Current speech deepfake detection approaches perform satisfactorily against known adversaries; however, generalization to unseen attacks remains an open challenge. The proliferation of speech deepfakes on social media underscores the need…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-01 Ivan Kukanov , Janne Laakkonen , Tomi Kinnunen , Ville Hautamäki

With the rapid advancement of speech generation technologies, the threat posed by speech deepfakes in real-time communication (RTC) scenarios has intensified. However, existing detection studies mainly focus on offline simulations and…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jun Xue , Zhuolin Yi , Yihuan Huang , Yanzhen Ren , Yujie Chen , Cunhang Fan , Zicheng Su , Yonghong Zhang , Bo Cai

Audio is one of the most used ways of human communication, but at the same time it can be easily misused to trick people. With the revolution of AI, the related technologies are now accessible to almost everyone, thus making it simple for…

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has transformed speech processing, with benchmarks such as SUPERB establishing fair comparisons across diverse downstream tasks. Despite it's security-critical importance, Audio deepfake detection has remained…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Hashim Ali , Nithin Sai Adupa , Surya Subramani , Hafiz Malik

Deepfakes powered by advanced machine learning models present a significant and evolving threat to identity verification and the authenticity of digital media. Although numerous detectors have been developed to address this problem, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Viacheslav Pirogov , Maksim Artemev

Existing deepfake detection research has primarily focused on scenarios where the manipulated subject is actively speaking, i.e., generating fabricated content by altering the speaker's appearance or voice. However, in realistic interaction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Miao Liu , Fangda Wei , Jing Wang , Xinyuan Qian

Recent advances in audio generation led to an increasing number of deepfakes, making the general public more vulnerable to financial scams, identity theft, and misinformation. Audio deepfake detectors promise to alleviate this issue, with…

Large Language Models and commercial speech synthesis systems now enable highly realistic AI-generated voice scams (vishing), raising urgent concerns about deception at scale. Yet it remains unclear whether individuals can reliably…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Zoha Hayat Bhatti , Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Seemal Tausif , Niklas George , Nida ul Habib Bajwa , Mobin Javed

AI-generated speech is becoming increasingly used in everyday life, powering virtual assistants, accessibility tools, and other applications. However, it is also being exploited for malicious purposes such as impersonation, misinformation,…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Viola Negroni , Davide Salvi , Alessandro Ilic Mezza , Paolo Bestagini , Stefano Tubaro

Deepfake audio presents a growing threat to digital security, due to its potential for social engineering, fraud, and identity misuse. However, existing detection models suffer from poor generalization across datasets, due to implicit…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yasaman Ahmadiadli , Xiao-Ping Zhang , Naimul Khan

The rapid advancement of speech generation technology has led to the widespread proliferation of deepfake speech across social media platforms. While deepfake audio countermeasures (CMs) achieve promising results on public datasets, their…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Yuankun Xie , Ruibo Fu , Xiaopeng Wang , Zhiyong Wang , Ya Li , Zhengqi Wen , Haonnan Cheng , Long Ye