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We introduce a novel visual tokenization framework that embeds a provable PCA-like structure into the latent token space. While existing visual tokenizers primarily optimize for reconstruction fidelity, they often neglect the structural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xin Wen , Bingchen Zhao , Ismail Elezi , Jiankang Deng , Xiaojuan Qi

Quantization has been applied to multiple domains in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). We propose Depthwise Quantization (DQ) where $\textit{quantization}$ is applied to a decomposed sub-tensor along the $\textit{feature axis}$ of weak…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Iordanis Fostiropoulos , Barry Boehm

Vector quantization (VQ) is a key component in discrete tokenizers for image generation, but its training is often unstable due to straight-through estimation bias, one-step-behind updates, and sparse codebook gradients, which lead to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yifan Chang , Jie Qin , Limeng Qiao , Xiaofeng Wang , Zheng Zhu , Lin Ma , Xingang Wang

A multi-grid multi-block-size vector quantization (MGBVQ) method is proposed for image coding in this work. The fundamental idea of image coding is to remove correlations among pixels before quantization and entropy coding, e.g., the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Yifan Wang , Zhanxuan Mei , Ioannis Katsavounidis , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Embedding vectors are widely used for representing unstructured data and searching through it for semantically similar items. However, the large size of these vectors, due to their high-dimensionality, creates problems for modern vector…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Mariano Tepper , Ted Willke

Image vectorization aims to convert raster images into editable, scalable vector representations while preserving visual fidelity. Existing vectorization methods struggle to represent complex real-world images, often producing fragmented…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Xingyue Lin , Shuai Peng , Xiangyu Xie , Jianhua Zhu , Yuxuan Zhou , Liangcai Gao

Hashing methods, which encode high-dimensional images with compact discrete codes, have been widely applied to enhance large-scale image retrieval. In this paper, we put forward Deep Spherical Quantization (DSQ), a novel method to make deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Sepehr Eghbali , Ladan Tahvildari

Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoders (VQ-VAE)[1] provide an unsupervised model for learning discrete representations by combining vector quantization and autoencoders. In this paper, we study the use of VQ-VAE for representation…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-05 Hanwei Wu , Markus Flierl

Generative models with discrete latent representations have recently demonstrated an impressive ability to learn complex high-dimensional data distributions. However, their performance relies on a long sequence of tokens per instance and a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 David D. Nguyen , David Leibowitz , Surya Nepal , Salil S. Kanhere

Visual tokenizers are pivotal in multimodal large models, acting as bridges between continuous inputs and discrete tokens. Nevertheless, training high-compression-rate VQ-VAEs remains computationally demanding, often necessitating thousands…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Borui Zhang , Qihang Rao , Wenzhao Zheng , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Traditional video quality assessment (VQA) methods evaluate localized picture quality and video score is predicted by temporally aggregating frame scores. However, video quality exhibits different characteristics from static image quality…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-05 Munan Xu , Junming Chen , Haiqiang Wang , Shan Liu , Ge Li , Zhiqiang Bai

Vector quantization (VQ) is a prevalent and fundamental technique that discretizes continuous feature vectors by approximating them using a codebook. As the diversity and complexity of data and models continue to increase, there is an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Jie Li , Kwan-Yee K. Wong , Kai Han

We consider vector-quantized (VQ) transmission of compressed sensing (CS) measurements over noisy channels. Adopting mean-square error (MSE) criterion to measure the distortion between a sparse vector and its reconstruction, we derive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-01 Amirpasha Shirazinia , Saikat Chatterjee , Mikael Skoglund

Vector quantization(VQ) is a lossy data compression technique from signal processing for which simple competitive learning is one standard method to quantize patterns from the input space. Extending competitive learning VQ to the domain of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2010-01-07 Brijnesh J. Jain , Klaus Obermayer

For certain image generation tasks, vector graphics such as Scalable Vector Graphics (SVGs) offer clear benefits such as increased flexibility, size efficiency, and editing ease, but remain less explored than raster-based approaches. A core…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Michael Ogezi , Martin Bell , Freda Shi , Ethan Smith

Vision Transformers rely on fixed patch tokens that ignore the spatial and semantic structure of images. In this work, we introduce an end-to-end differentiable tokenizer that adapts to image content with pixel-level granularity while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Marius Aasan , Martine Hjelkrem-Tan , Nico Catalano , Changkyu Choi , Adín Ramírez Rivera

Mixture-of-Experts(MoE) Vision-Language Models (VLMs) offer remarkable performance but incur prohibitive memory and computational costs, making compression essential. Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) is an effective training-free technique…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Guangshuo Qin , Zhiteng Li , Zheng Chen , Weihang Zhang , Linghe Kong , Yulun Zhang

Vector-quantized representations enable powerful discrete generative models but lack semantic structure in token space, limiting interpretable human control. We introduce SOM-VQ, a tokenization method that combines vector quantization with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Alessandro Londei , Denise Lanzieri , Matteo Benati

In this paper, we study a new problem arising from the emerging MPEG standardization effort Video Coding for Machine (VCM), which aims to bridge the gap between visual feature compression and classical video coding. VCM is committed to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-01-10 Sifeng Xia , Kunchangtai Liang , Wenhan Yang , Ling-Yu Duan , Jiaying Liu

Pretraining language models with next-token prediction on massive text corpora has delivered phenomenal zero-shot, few-shot, transfer learning and multi-tasking capabilities on both generative and discriminative language tasks. Motivated by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Jiahui Yu , Xin Li , Jing Yu Koh , Han Zhang , Ruoming Pang , James Qin , Alexander Ku , Yuanzhong Xu , Jason Baldridge , Yonghui Wu