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The research in AI-based formal mathematical reasoning has shown an unstoppable growth trend. These studies have excelled in mathematical competitions like IMO and have made significant progress. This paper focuses on formal verification,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jialun Cao , Yaojie Lu , Meiziniu Li , Haoyang Ma , Haokun Li , Mengda He , Cheng Wen , Le Sun , Hongyu Zhang , Shengchao Qin , Shing-Chi Cheung , Cong Tian

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) represents a core research direction in artificial intelligence for achieving formal reasoning and verification, playing a significant role in advancing machine intelligence. However, current large language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Xiaorui Shi , Ke Weng , Haozhe Sun , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu , Hengyu Liu , Lun Du

In recent months, large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in mathematical proof generation, but further advancement is hindered by the lack of a large-scale, high-quality dataset of human-evaluated proofs. While…

AI-powered programming assistants are increasingly gaining popularity, with GitHub Copilot alone used by over a million developers worldwide. These tools are far from perfect, however, producing code suggestions that may be incorrect in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Kasra Ferdowsi , Ruanqianqian Huang , Michael B. James , Nadia Polikarpova , Sorin Lerner

We propose a novel framework that provides constructive feedback to an LLM in the "guess-and-check" paradigm by formally verifying its own thinking process and detecting local reasoning errors. We apply this framework to the loop invariant…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tianchi Li , Zhenyu Yan , Junhao Liu , Peng Di , Xin Zhang

Verification of neural networks is currently a hot topic in automated theorem proving. Progress has been rapid and there are now a wide range of tools available that can verify properties of networks with hundreds of thousands of nodes. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Matthew L. Daggitt , Wen Kokke , Robert Atkey , Luca Arnaboldi , Ekaterina Komendantskya

Large language models (LLMs) excel at implementing code from functionality descriptions but struggle with algorithmic problems that require not only implementation but also identification of the suitable algorithm. Moreover, LLM-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Kexun Zhang , Danqing Wang , Jingtao Xia , William Yang Wang , Lei Li

The capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in code generation have been extensively studied, particularly for implementing target functionalities from natural-language descriptions. Alternatively, input-output (I/O) examples provide…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yingjie Fu , Bozhou Li , Linyi Li , Wentao Zhang , Tao Xie

We introduce ProofGrid, a benchmark suite for evaluating LLM reasoning through machine-checkable proofs rather than final answers alone. ProofGrid contains 15 tasks spanning proof writing, proof checking, proof masking, and proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Konstantine Arkoudas , Serafim Batzoglou

The dependence of Natural Language Processing (NLP) intelligent software on Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly prominent, underscoring the necessity for robustness testing. Current testing methods focus solely on the robustness of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Mingxuan Xiao , Yan Xiao , Hai Dong , Shunhui Ji , Pengcheng Zhang

During 2024 and 2025 the discussion about the theorem-proving capabilities of large language models started reporting interesting success stories, mostly to do with difficult exercises (such as problems from the International Mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Hieu Le Duc , Leo Liberti

Since the introduction of Large Language Models (LLMs), they have been widely adopted for various tasks such as text summarization, question answering, speech-to-text translation, and more. In recent times, the use of LLMs for code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Krishna Vamshi Bodla , Haizhao Yang

A compiler consists of a sequence of phases going from lexical analysis to code generation. Ideally, the formal verification of a compiler should include the formal verification of each component of the tool-chain. An example is the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wendlasida Ouedraogo , Gabriel Scherer , Lutz Strassburger

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities in generating code snippets directly from problem statements. This increasingly automated process mirrors traditional human-led software development, where code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Noble Saji Mathews , Meiyappan Nagappan

Program verification is vital for ensuring software reliability, especially in the context of increasingly complex systems. Loop invariants, remaining true before and after each iteration of loops, are crucial for this verification process.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Chang Liu , Xiwei Wu , Yuan Feng , Qinxiang Cao , Junchi Yan

Software testing is a core discipline in software engineering where a large array of research results has been produced, notably in the area of automatic test generation. Because existing approaches produce test cases that either can be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Laura Plein , Wendkûuni C. Ouédraogo , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

Standard single-turn, static benchmarks fall short in evaluating the nuanced capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) on complex tasks such as software engineering. In this work, we propose a novel interactive evaluation framework that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Dimitrios Rontogiannis , Maxime Peyrard , Nicolas Baldwin , Martin Josifoski , Robert West , Dimitrios Gunopulos

Large language model (LLM)-powered assistants are increasingly used for generating program code and unit tests, but their application in acceptance testing remains underexplored. To help address this gap, this paper explores the use of LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Margarida Ferreira , Luis Viegas , Joao Pascoal Faria , Bruno Lima

Proving mathematical theorems using computer-verifiable formal languages like Lean significantly impacts mathematical reasoning. One approach to formal theorem proving involves generating complete proofs using Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ruida Wang , Jipeng Zhang , Yizhen Jia , Rui Pan , Shizhe Diao , Renjie Pi , Tong Zhang

Formally verifying software properties is a highly desirable but labor-intensive task. Recent work has developed methods to automate formal verification using proof assistants, such as Coq and Isabelle/HOL, e.g., by training a model to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Emily First , Markus N. Rabe , Talia Ringer , Yuriy Brun