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Large language models (LLMs) have achieved top results in recent machine translation evaluations, but they are also known to be sensitive to errors and perturbations in their prompts. We systematically evaluate how both humanly plausible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Patrícia Schmidtová , Niyati Bafna , Seth Aycock , Gianluca Vico , Wiktor Kamzela , Katharina Hämmerl , Vilém Zouhar

Recent studies have used both automatic metrics and human evaluations to assess the simplification abilities of LLMs. However, the suitability of existing evaluation methodologies for LLMs remains in question. First, the suitability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Xuanxin Wu , Yuki Arase

In this paper, we propose a new metric for Machine Translation (MT) evaluation, based on bi-directional entailment. We show that machine generated translation can be evaluated by determining paraphrasing with a reference translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Rakesh Khobragade , Heaven Patel , Anand Namdev , Anish Mishra , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

This study comprehensively evaluates the translation quality of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically GPT-4, against human translators of varying expertise levels across multiple language pairs and domains. Through carefully designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Jianhao Yan , Pingchuan Yan , Yulong Chen , Judy Li , Xianchao Zhu , Yue Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming a one-fits-many solution, but they sometimes hallucinate or produce unreliable output. In this paper, we investigate how hypothesis ensembling can improve the quality of the generated text for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 António Farinhas , José G. C. de Souza , André F. T. Martins

This study focuses on evaluating the performance of machine translations (MTs) compared to human translations (HTs) in English-to-Chinese children's literature translation (CLT) from a stylometric perspective. The research constructs a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Delu Kong , Lieve Macken

Machine translations are found to be lexically poorer than human translations. The loss of lexical diversity through MT poses an issue in the automatic translation of literature, where it matters not only what is written, but also how it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Esther Ploeger , Huiyuan Lai , Rik van Noord , Antonio Toral

Large language models (LLMs) are the result of a massive experiment in bottom-up, data-driven reverse engineering of language at scale. Despite their utility in a number of downstream NLP tasks, ample research has shown that LLMs are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Walid S. Saba

Machine translation (MT) was developed as one of the hottest research topics in the natural language processing (NLP) literature. One important issue in MT is that how to evaluate the MT system reasonably and tell us whether the translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Lifeng Han

Machine translation (MT) has been shown to produce a number of errors that require human post-editing, but the extent to which professional human translation (HT) contains such errors has not yet been compared to MT. We compile…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Lukas Fischer , Samuel Läubli

Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) seeks to explain how neural networks implement their capabilities, but the scale of Large Language Models (LLMs) has limited prior MI work in Machine Translation (MT) to word-level analyses. We study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Théo Lasnier , Armel Zebaze , Djamé Seddah , Rachel Bawden , Benoît Sagot

Despite notable advances in large language models (LLMs), reliable evaluation of text generation tasks such as text style transfer (TST) remains an open challenge. Existing research has shown that automatic metrics often correlate poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Vitaly Protasov , Nikolay Babakov , Daryna Dementieva , Alexander Panchenko

New machine translations (MT) technologies are emerging rapidly and with them, bold claims of achieving human parity such as: (i) the results produced approach "accuracy achieved by average bilingual human translators" (Wu et al., 2017b) or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Eva Vanmassenhove

Through the development of neural machine translation, the quality of machine translation systems has been improved significantly. By exploiting advancements in deep learning, systems are now able to better approximate the complex mapping…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-03 Jan Niehues , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Thanh-Le Ha , Matthias Sperber , Alex Waibel

The advantages of neural machine translation (NMT) have been extensively validated for offline translation of several language pairs for different domains of spoken and written language. However, research on interactive learning of NMT by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Sariya Karimova , Patrick Simianer , Stefan Riezler

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a major step toward artificial general intelligence, significantly advancing our ability to interact with technology. While LLMs perform well on Natural Language Processing tasks -- such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Brandon Smith , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek , Tahsin Alamgir Kheya , Phillip Dawson , Sunil Aryal

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in various NLP tasks. However, these advances have not been reflected in the translation task, especially those with moderate model sizes (i.e., 7B or 13B…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Haoran Xu , Young Jin Kim , Amr Sharaf , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Using large language models (LLMs) to perform natural language processing (NLP) tasks has become increasingly pervasive in recent times. The versatile nature of LLMs makes them applicable to a wide range of such tasks. While the performance…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Steven Cho , Stefano Ruberto , Valerio Terragni

Machine translation (MT) is an important sub-field of natural language processing that aims to translate natural languages using computers. In recent years, end-to-end neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved great success and has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Zhixing Tan , Shuo Wang , Zonghan Yang , Gang Chen , Xuancheng Huang , Maosong Sun , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional natural language understanding abilities and have excelled in a variety of natural language processing (NLP)tasks in recent years. Despite the fact that most LLMs are trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Xiang Zhang , Senyu Li , Bradley Hauer , Ning Shi , Grzegorz Kondrak