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LLM-based function calling enables intelligent agents to interact with external tools and environments, yet autoregressive decoding imposes a fundamental latency bottleneck that limits real-time applications such as embodied intelligence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiaoxin Shi , Jiaxin Wan , Linkang Dong , Wei Jiang , Yue Liu , Zengfeng Huang

Multi-step theorem prediction is a central challenge in automated reasoning. Existing neural-symbolic approaches rely heavily on supervised parametric models, which exhibit limited generalization to evolving theorem libraries. In this work,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Junbo Zhao , Ting Zhang , Can Li , Wei He , Jingdong Wang , Hua Huang

In high-stakes legal domains, retrieval must preserve not only semantic relevance, but also the hierarchy, temporality, and causal provenance of legal norms. Standard Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), based mainly on semantic similarity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Hudson de Martim

As multi-agent AI systems are increasingly deployed in real-world settings - from automated customer support to DevOps remediation - failures become harder to diagnose due to cascading effects, hidden dependencies, and long execution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Zhaohui Geoffrey Wang

While most efforts to improve LLM-based tool-using agents focus on the agent itself - through larger models, better prompting, or fine-tuning - agent performance increasingly plateaus due to the quality of the tool interfaces these agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Ruocheng Guo , Kaiwen Dong , Xiang Gao , Kamalika Das

While transformers achieve strong performance, their internal decision-making processes remain opaque. We investigate whether architectural constraints can enforce interpretability by design through architectural stream independence:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Clayton Kerce , Alexis Fox

Building deployment-ready LLM agents requires complex orchestration of tools, data sources, and control flow logic, yet existing systems tightly couple agent logic to specific programming languages and deployment models. We present a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Ivan Daunis

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in teams, yet existing coordination approaches often occupy two extremes. Highly structured methods rely on fixed roles, pipelines, or task decompositions assigned a priori. In…

Understanding an agent's goals helps explain and predict its behaviour, yet there is no established methodology for reliably attributing goals to agentic systems. We propose a framework for evaluating goal-directedness that integrates…

Agentic systems involved in high-stake decision-making under adversarial pressure need formal guarantees not offered by existing approaches. Motivated by the operational needs of security operations centers (SOCs) that must configure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Kerri Prinos , Lilianne Brush , Cameron Denton , Zhanqi Wang , Joshua Knox , Snehal Antani , Anton Foltz , Amy Villaseñor

When trained on tasks requiring an understanding of hierarchical structure, transformers have been found to represent this hierarchy in distinct ways: in the geometry of the residual stream, and in stack-like attention patterns maintaining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Aryan Sharma , Cutter Dawes , Shivam Raval

Foundation models are increasingly used to personalize learning, yet many systems still assume fixed curricula or coarse progress signals, limiting alignment with learners' day-to-day needs. At the other extreme, lightweight incidental…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Justin Cui , Kevin Pu , Tovi Grossman

Recent LLM agents have made great use of chain of thought reasoning and function calling. As their capabilities grow, an important question arises: can this software represent not only a smart problem-solving tool, but an entity in its own…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Asen Nachkov , Xi Wang , Luc Van Gool

We present M^3-Bench, the first benchmark for evaluating multimodal tool use under the Model Context Protocol. The benchmark targets realistic, multi-hop and multi-threaded workflows that require visual grounding and textual reasoning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yang Zhou , Mingyu Zhao , Zhenting Wang , Difei Gu , Bangwei Guo , Ruosong Ye , Ligong Han , Can Jin , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Graphs provide a unified representation of semantic content and relational structure, making them a natural fit for domains such as molecular modeling, citation networks, and social graphs. Meanwhile, large language models (LLMs) have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Haotian Xu , Yuning You , Tengfei Ma

Recent advances in RAG have shifted toward an agentic paradigm, where LLMs interact with retrieval systems over multiple turns and iteratively refine queries based on intermediate results. At the same time, LLMs have demonstrated a strong…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuqi Zeng , Qixiang Deng , Yulei Wan , Ruiquan Jiang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Modern LLM based agents are no longer passive text generators. They read repositories, call tools, browse the web, execute code, maintain memory, communicate with other agents, and act through long horizon workflows. This shift moves the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tianxiao Li , Yixing Ma , Haiquan Wen , Zhenglin Huang , Qianyu Zhou , Zeyu Fu , Guangliang Cheng

Causal discovery through experimentation and intervention is fundamental to robust problem solving. It requires not just updating beliefs within a fixed framework but revising the hypothesis space itself, a capacity current AI agents lack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 John Alderete , Sebastian Benthal , Connie Xu , John Xing

We develop a criterion to certify whether causal effects are identifiable in linear structural equation models with latent variables. Linear structural equation models correspond to directed graphs whose nodes represent the random variables…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-25 Nils Sturma , Mathias Drton

Current evaluations of tool-integrated LLM agents typically focus on end-to-end tool-usage evaluation while neglecting their stability. This limits their real-world applicability, as various internal or external factors can cause agents to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Weimin Xiong , Ke Wang , Yifan Song , Hanchao Liu , Sai Zhou , Wei Peng , Sujian Li