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As generative AI systems become integrated into real-world applications, organizations increasingly need to be able to understand and interpret their behavior. In particular, decision-makers need to understand what causes generative AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Sofie Goethals , Foster Provost , João Sedoc

We find a mismatch between what large language models encode about a causal question and what they answer. On anti-commonsense CLadder items, a fixed linear probe recovers the evidence-supported answer from the model's hidden state…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ziyi Ding , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Inferring causal relationships between variable pairs in the observational study is crucial but challenging, due to the presence of unmeasured confounding. While previous methods employed the negative controls to adjust for the confounding…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-21 Yong Wu , Yanwei Fu , Shouyan Wang , Yizhou Wang , Xinwei Sun

Understanding why real-world events occur is important for both natural language processing and practical decision-making, yet direct-cause inference remains underexplored in evidence-rich settings. To address this gap, we organized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Pengfei Cao , Mingxuan Yang , Yubo Chen , Chenlong Zhang , Mingxuan Liu , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Human emotions are inherently ambiguous and impure. When designing systems to anticipate human emotions based on speech, the lack of emotional purity must be considered. However, most of the current methods for speech emotion classification…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-13 Shuiyang Mao , P. C. Ching , Tan Lee

Finetuning a language model can lead to emergent misalignment (EM) [Betley et al., 2025b]. Models trained on a narrow distribution of misaligned behavior generalize to more egregious behaviors when tested outside the training distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jan Dubiński , Jan Betley , Anna Sztyber-Betley , Daniel Tan , Owain Evans

In fact-checking applications, a common reason to reject a claim is to detect the presence of erroneous cause-effect relationships between the events at play. However, current automated fact-checking methods lack dedicated causal-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Youssra Rebboud , Pasquale Lisena , Raphael Troncy

Current emotional text-to-speech (TTS) models predominantly conduct supervised training to learn the conversion from text and desired emotion to its emotional speech, focusing on a single emotion per text-speech pair. These models only…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-17 Xiaoxue Gao , Chen Zhang , Yiming Chen , Huayun Zhang , Nancy F. Chen

The "cold posterior effect" (CPE) in Bayesian deep learning describes the uncomforting observation that the predictive performance of Bayesian neural networks can be significantly improved if the Bayes posterior is artificially sharpened…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Lorenzo Noci , Kevin Roth , Gregor Bachmann , Sebastian Nowozin , Thomas Hofmann

Emotional talking face generation aims to animate a human face in given reference images and generate a talking video that matches the content and emotion of driving audio. However, existing methods neglect that reference images may have a…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Kangyi Wu , Pengna Li , Jingwen Fu , Yang Wu , Yuhan Liu , Sanping Zhou , Jinjun Wang

Couples' relationships affect the physical health and emotional well-being of partners. Automatically recognizing each partner's emotions could give a better understanding of their individual emotional well-being, enable interventions and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-02-18 George Boateng , Elgar Fleisch , Tobias Kowatsch

Discovering causal relations among observed variables in a given data set is a major objective in studies of statistics and artificial intelligence. Recently, some techniques to discover a unique causal model have been explored based on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-01-23 Takanori Inazumi , Takashi Washio , Shohei Shimizu , Joe Suzuki , Akihiro Yamamoto , Yoshinobu Kawahara

Affective Image Manipulation (AIM) seeks to modify user-provided images to evoke specific emotional responses. This task is inherently complex due to its twofold objective: significantly evoking the intended emotion, while preserving the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Jingyuan Yang , Jiawei Feng , Weibin Luo , Dani Lischinski , Daniel Cohen-Or , Hui Huang

Emotion recognition in conversation (ERC) aims to analyze the speaker's state and identify their emotion in the conversation. Recent works in ERC focus on context modeling but ignore the representation of contextual emotional tendency. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Zaijing Li , Fengxiao Tang , Ming Zhao , Yusen Zhu

Understanding emotions and expressions is a task of interest across multiple disciplines, especially for improving user experiences. Contrary to the common perception, it has been shown that emotions are not discrete entities but instead…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Niklas Wagner , Felix Mätzler , Samed R. Vossberg , Helen Schneider , Svetlana Pavlitska , J. Marius Zöllner

Emotional support conversation (ESC) task can utilize various support strategies to help people relieve emotional distress and overcome the problem they face, which has attracted much attention in these years. However, most state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Xiaohan Xu , Xuying Meng , Yequan Wang

Non-speech emotion recognition has a wide range of applications including healthcare, crime control and rescue, and entertainment, to name a few. Providing these applications using edge computing has great potential, however, recent studies…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Ibrahim Malik , Siddique Latif , Sanaullah Manzoor , Muhammad Usama , Junaid Qadir , Raja Jurdak

Emotion Recognition in Conversations (ERC) has gained increasing attention for developing empathetic machines. Recently, many approaches have been devoted to perceiving conversational context by deep learning models. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Dou Hu , Lingwei Wei , Xiaoyong Huai

Efficient discovery of a speaker's emotional states in a multi-party conversation is significant to design human-like conversational agents. During a conversation, the cognitive state of a speaker often alters due to certain past…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Shivani Kumar , Anubhav Shrimal , Md Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Event extraction (EE), which acquires structural event knowledge from texts, can be divided into two sub-tasks: event type classification and element extraction (namely identifying triggers and arguments under different role patterns). As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Qian Li , Shu Guo , Jia Wu , Jianxin Li , Jiawei Sheng , Lihong Wang , Xiaohan Dong , Hao Peng