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Large language models (LLMs) face significant challenges when processing complex rule systems, as they typically treat interdependent rules as unstructured textual data rather than as logically organized frameworks. This limitation results…

Many difficult computational problems involve the simultaneous satisfaction of multiple constraints which are individually easy to satisfy. Such problems occur in diffractive imaging, protein folding, constrained optimization (e.g., spin…

Computational Physics · Physics 2008-10-01 Simon Gravel , Veit Elser

Solving mathematical problems requires advanced reasoning abilities and presents notable challenges for large language models. Previous works usually synthesize data from proprietary models to augment existing datasets, followed by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Yuxuan Tong , Xiwen Zhang , Rui Wang , Ruidong Wu , Junxian He

Mathematical optimization offers highly-effective tools for finding solutions for problems with well-defined goals, notably scheduling. However, optimization solvers are often unexplainable black boxes whose solutions are inaccessible to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-21 Kristijonas Čyras , Dimitrios Letsios , Ruth Misener , Francesca Toni

State-of-the-art SAT solvers are nowadays able to handle huge real-world instances. The key to this success is the so-called Conflict-Driven Clause-Learning (CDCL) scheme, which encompasses a number of techniques that exploit the conflicts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Robert Nieuwenhuis , Albert Oliveras , Enric Rodriguez-Carbonell

Maximum Satisfiability (MaxSAT) is an optimization variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem. In general, MaxSAT algorithms perform a succession of SAT solver calls to reach an optimum solution making extensive use of cardinality…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-08-21 Ruben Martins , Saurabh Joshi , Vasco Manquinho , Ines Lynce

We introduce MathConstraint, a hard, adaptive benchmark for evaluating the combinatorial reasoning capabilities of LLMs. We combine constraint satisfaction problems with rigorous solver-based verification and design an adaptive generator to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Viresh Pati , Zhengyu Li , Piyush Jha , Rahul Garg , Yatharth Sejpal , Vijay Ganesh

Tool use, such as web search, has become a standard capability even in freely available large language models (LLMs). However, existing benchmarks evaluate temporal reasoning mainly in static, non-tool-using settings, which poorly reflect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhengxiang Wang , Zeyu Dong

A new stream of research was born in the last decade with the goal of mining itemsets of interest using Constraint Programming (CP). This has promoted a natural way to combine complex constraints in a highly flexible manner. Although CP…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-27 Rui Henriques , Inês Lynce , Vasco Manquinho

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) and Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) are widely used in automated verification, but there is a lack of interactive tools designed for educational purposes in this field. To address this gap, we present…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Yiqi Zhao , Ziyan An , Meiyi Ma , Taylor Johnson

State-of-the-art algorithms for industrial instances of MaxSAT problem rely on iterative calls to a SAT solver. Preprocessing is crucial for the acceleration of SAT solving, and the key preprocessing techniques rely on the application of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-10-17 Anton Belov , Antonio Morgado , Joao Marques-Silva

This work introduces StageSAT, a new approach to solving floating-point satisfiability that bridges SMT solving with numerical optimization. StageSAT reframes a floating-point formula as a series of optimization problems in three stages of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yuanzhuo Zhang , Zhoulai Fu , Binoy Ravindran

We propose a polynomially bounded, in time and space, method to decide whether a given 3-SAT formula is satisfiable or not. The tools we use here are, in fact, very simple. We first decide satisfiability for a particular 3-SAT formula,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Angela Weiss

The #2-SAT and #3-SAT problems involve counting the number of satisfying assignments (also called models) for instances of 2-SAT and 3-SAT, respectively. In 2010, Zhou et al. proposed an $\mathcal{O}^*(1.1892^m)$-time algorithm for #2-SAT…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Junqiang Peng , Zimo Sheng , Mingyu Xiao

In the contexts of automated reasoning and formal verification, important decision problems are effectively encoded into Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT). In the last decade efficient SMT solvers have been developed for several theories…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-02-08 Roberto Sebastiani , Silvia Tomasi

Due to the good performance of current SAT (satisfiability) and Max-SAT (maximum ssatisfiability) solvers, many real-life optimization problems such as scheduling can be solved by encoding them into Max-SAT. In this paper we tackle the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Mohamed El Halaby

Search-optimization problems are plentiful in scientific and engineering domains. Artificial intelligence has long contributed to the development of search algorithms and declarative programming languages geared toward solving and modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Yuliya Lierler

A previously developed quantum search algorithm for solving 1-SAT problems in a single step is generalized to apply to a range of highly constrained k-SAT problems. We identify a bound on the number of clauses in satisfiability problems for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-05-30 T. Hogg

This paper introduces the 2019 version of \us{}, a novel Constraint Programming framework for floating point verification problems expressed with the SMT language of SMTLIB. SMT solvers decompose their task by delegating to specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Heytem Zitoun , Claude Michel , Laurent Michel , Michel Rueher

Parity-SAT is the problem of determining whether a given CNF formula has an odd number of satisfying assignments. As a canonical $\oplus$P-complete problem, it represents a fundamental variant of the exact model counting problem (#SAT).…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Sanjay Jain , Junqiang Peng , Frank Stephan , Haoyun Tang , Mingyu Xiao