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Early-stage specifications of safety-critical systems are typically expressed in natural language, making it difficult to derive formal properties suitable for verification and needed to guarantee safety. While recent Large Language Model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Alberto Tagliaferro , Bruno Guindani , Livia Lestingi , Matteo Rossi

We present a framework for the automated measurement of responsible AI (RAI) metrics for large language models (LLMs) and associated products and services. Our framework for automatically measuring harms from LLMs builds on existing…

The rapid development and deployment of large language models (LLMs) have introduced a new frontier in artificial intelligence, marked by unprecedented capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, the increasing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Dan Shi , Tianhao Shen , Yufei Huang , Zhigen Li , Yongqi Leng , Renren Jin , Chuang Liu , Xinwei Wu , Zishan Guo , Linhao Yu , Ling Shi , Bojian Jiang , Deyi Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) & Generative AI are transforming cybersecurity, enabling both advanced defenses and new attacks. Organizations now use LLMs for threat detection, code review, and DevSecOps automation, while adversaries leverage…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kiarash Ahi , Vaibhav Agrawal , Saeed Valizadeh

While the deployment of large language models (LLMs) in high-value industries continues to expand, the systematic assessment of their safety against jailbreak and prompt-based attacks remains insufficient. Existing safety evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xiuyuan Chen , Jian Zhao , Yuxiang He , Yuan Xun , Xinwei Liu , Yanshu Li , Huilin Zhou , Wei Cai , Ziyan Shi , Yuchen Yuan , Tianle Zhang , Chi Zhang , Xuelong Li

AI-driven autoformalization of mathematics is advancing rapidly. However, the type checker of a proof assistant guarantees only the logical correctness of proofs; it does not verify whether propositions and definitions faithfully capture…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Banri Yanahama , Akiyoshi Sannai

The complexity of modern computing environments and the growing sophistication of cyber threats necessitate a more robust, adaptive, and automated approach to security enforcement. In this paper, we present a framework leveraging large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Pablo Fernández Saura , K. R. Jayaram , Vatche Isahagian , Jorge Bernal Bernabé , Antonio Skarmeta

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed artificial intelligence by advancing natural language understanding and generation, enabling applications across fields beyond healthcare, software engineering, and conversational systems.…

This paper presents an approach to developing assurance cases for adversarial robustness and regulatory compliance in large language models (LLMs). Focusing on both natural and code language tasks, we explore the vulnerabilities these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Tomas Bueno Momcilovic , Dian Balta , Beat Buesser , Giulio Zizzo , Mark Purcell

As generative AI systems, including large language models (LLMs) and diffusion models, advance rapidly, their growing adoption has led to new and complex security risks often overlooked in traditional AI risk assessment frameworks. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Aviral Srivastava , Sourav Panda

Safeguarding vision-language models (VLMs) is a critical challenge, as existing methods often suffer from over-defense, which harms utility, or rely on shallow alignment, failing to detect complex threats that require deep reasoning. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Nanxi Li , Zhengyue Zhao , G. Edward Suh , Marco Pavone , Chaowei Xiao

Large language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable proficiency in code generation tasks across various programming languages. However, their outputs often contain subtle but critical vulnerabilities, posing significant risks when deployed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Alexander Sternfeld , Andrei Kucharavy , Ljiljana Dolamic

Safely aligning large language models (LLMs) often demands extensive human-labeled preference data, a process that's both costly and time-consuming. While synthetic data offers a promising alternative, current methods frequently rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Kyubyung Chae , Hyunbin Jin , Taesup Kim

Recent progress in (Large) Language Models (LMs) has enabled the development of autonomous LM-based agents capable of executing complex tasks with minimal supervision. These agents have started to be integrated into systems with significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Federico Villa , F. Betül Durak , Tadayoshi Kohno , Tapdig Maharramli , Franziska Roesner

Linguistically inclusive LLMs -- which maintain good performance regardless of the language with which they are prompted -- are necessary for the diffusion of AI benefits around the world. Multilingual jailbreaks that rely on language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Artūrs Kanepajs , Vladimir Ivanov , Richard Moulange

The growing use of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) like OpenAI's GPT series, leads to disruptive changes across organizations. At the same time, there is a growing concern about…

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into autonomous agents has enabled complex tool use, yet in high-stakes domains, these systems must strictly adhere to regulatory standards beyond simple functional correctness. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Da Song , Yuheng Huang , Boqi Chen , Tianshuo Cong , Randy Goebel , Lei Ma , Foutse Khomh

There is growing interest in ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human values. However, the alignment of such models is vulnerable to adversarial jailbreaks, which coax LLMs into overriding their safety guardrails. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Patrick Chao , Alexander Robey , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani , George J. Pappas , Eric Wong

Rule-based systems remain central in safety-critical domains but often struggle with scalability, brittleness, and goal misspecification. These limitations can lead to reward hacking and failures in formal verification, as AI systems tend…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zainab Rehan , Christian Medeiros Adriano , Sona Ghahremani , Holger Giese

Most safety testing efforts for large language models (LLMs) today focus on evaluating foundation models. However, there is a growing need to evaluate safety at the application level, as components such as system prompts, retrieval…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jia Yi Goh , Shaun Khoo , Nyx Iskandar , Gabriel Chua , Leanne Tan , Jessica Foo