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Image-text matching has been a hot research topic bridging the vision and language areas. It remains challenging because the current representation of image usually lacks global semantic concepts as in its corresponding text caption. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Kunpeng Li , Yulun Zhang , Kai Li , Yuanyuan Li , Yun Fu

Visual Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress, yet their reliability under small, meaning-preserving input changes remains poorly understood. We present the first large-scale, systematic study of VLM robustness to benign…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Amir Rosenfeld , Neta Glazer , Ethan Fetaya

With advances in the quality of text-to-image (T2I) models has come interest in benchmarking their prompt faithfulness -- the semantic coherence of generated images to the prompts they were conditioned on. A variety of T2I faithfulness…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Michael Saxon , Fatima Jahara , Mahsa Khoshnoodi , Yujie Lu , Aditya Sharma , William Yang Wang

The task of image captioning has recently been gaining popularity, and with it the complex task of evaluating the quality of image captioning models. In this work, we present the first survey and taxonomy of over 70 different image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Uri Berger , Gabriel Stanovsky , Omri Abend , Lea Frermann

Recent studies show that deep vision-only and language-only models--trained on disjoint modalities--nonetheless project their inputs into a partially aligned representational space. Yet we still lack a clear picture of where in each network…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Zoe Wanying He , Sean Trott , Meenakshi Khosla

Evaluating and comparing text-to-image models is a challenging problem. Significant advances in the field have recently been made, piquing interest of various industrial sectors. As a consequence, a gold standard in the field should cover a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Federico A. Galatolo , Mario G. C. A. Cimino , Edoardo Cogotti

In this paper, we introduce a model designed to improve the prediction of image-text alignment, targeting the challenge of compositional understanding in current visual-language models. Our approach focuses on generating high-quality…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Yuheng Li , Haotian Liu , Mu Cai , Yijun Li , Eli Shechtman , Zhe Lin , Yong Jae Lee , Krishna Kumar Singh

Image captioning has conventionally relied on reference-based automatic evaluations, where machine captions are compared against captions written by humans. This is in contrast to the reference-free manner in which humans assess caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Jack Hessel , Ari Holtzman , Maxwell Forbes , Ronan Le Bras , Yejin Choi

Measuring alignment between language and vision is a fundamental challenge, especially as multimodal data becomes increasingly detailed and complex. Existing methods often rely on collecting human or AI preferences, which can be costly and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hyojin Bahng , Caroline Chan , Fredo Durand , Phillip Isola

Image-text retrieval, as a fundamental and important branch of information retrieval, has attracted extensive research attentions. The main challenge of this task is cross-modal semantic understanding and matching. Some recent works focus…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Weijing Chen , Linli Yao , Qin Jin

Most image-text retrieval work adopts binary labels indicating whether a pair of image and text matches or not. Such a binary indicator covers only a limited subset of image-text semantic relations, which is insufficient to represent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Zheng Li , Caili Guo , Zerun Feng , Jenq-Neng Hwang , Ying Jin , Yufeng Zhang

Despite the success of distributional semantics, composing phrases from word vectors remains an important challenge. Several methods have been tried for benchmark tasks such as sentiment classification, including word vector averaging,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-12-14 Pranjal Singh , Amitabha Mukerjee

Image captioning evaluation metrics can be divided into two categories, reference-based metrics and reference-free metrics. However, reference-based approaches may struggle to evaluate descriptive captions with abundant visual details…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Zequn Zeng , Jianqiao Sun , Hao Zhang , Tiansheng Wen , Yudi Su , Yan Xie , Zhengjue Wang , Bo Chen

The growth of deep learning (DL) relies heavily on huge amounts of labelled data for tasks such as natural language processing and computer vision. Specifically, in image-to-text or image-to-image pipelines, opinion (sentiment) may be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Aleksei Krotov , Alison Tebo , Dylan K. Picart , Aaron Dean Algave

Accurately describing images with text is a foundation of explainable AI. Vision-Language Models (VLMs) like CLIP have recently addressed this by aligning images and texts in a shared embedding space, expressing semantic similarities…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Pingchuan Ma , Lennart Rietdorf , Dmytro Kotovenko , Vincent Tao Hu , Björn Ommer

Unsupervised image captioning is a challenging task that aims at generating captions without the supervision of image-sentence pairs, but only with images and sentences drawn from different sources and object labels detected from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Ukyo Honda , Yoshitaka Ushiku , Atsushi Hashimoto , Taro Watanabe , Yuji Matsumoto

Most existing image captioning evaluation metrics focus on assigning a single numerical score to a caption by comparing it with reference captions. However, these methods do not provide an explanation for the assigned score. Moreover,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yebin Lee , Imseong Park , Myungjoo Kang

Evaluating text-to-image (T2I) systems requires judging not only whether an image matches a prompt, but also whether socially salient attributes are represented faithfully and without unsupported inference. Existing automated evaluators…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zahraa Al Sahili , Maimuna Nowaz , Maryam Fetanat , Ioannis Patras , Matthew Purver

Evaluating image captions without references remains challenging because global embedding similarity often misses fine-grained mismatches such as hallucinated objects, missing attributes, or incorrect relations. We propose MSD-Score, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shichao Kan , Xuyang Zhang , Haojie Zhang , Zhe Zhu , Yigang Cen , Yixiong Liang , Lianlei Shan , Linna Zhang , Zhe Qu , Jiazhi Xia

The image captioning task is about to generate suitable descriptions from images. For this task there can be several challenges such as accuracy, fluency and diversity. However there are few metrics that can cover all these properties while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Chao Zeng , Sam Kwong