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This paper describes a novel method for building affectively intelligent human-interactive agents. The method is based on a key sociological insight that has been developed and extensively verified over the last twenty years, but has yet to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2015-10-23 Jesse Hoey , Tobias Schroeder , Areej Alhothali

Advancements in spoken language processing have driven the development of spoken language models (SLMs), designed to achieve universal audio understanding by jointly learning text and audio representations for a wide range of tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Pedro Corrêa , João Lima , Victor Moreno , Lucas Ueda , Paula Dornhofer Paro Costa

Purpose: Emotion is a fundamental component of human communication, shaping understanding, trust, and engagement across domains such as education, healthcare, and mental health. While large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Yurui Dong , Luozhijie Jin , Yao Yang , Bingjie Lu , Jiaxi Yang , Zhi Liu

Conversational agents have made significant progress since ELIZA, expanding their role across various domains, including healthcare, education, and customer service. As these agents become increasingly integrated into daily human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Paulo Ricardo Knob , Leonardo Scholler , Juliano Rigatti , Soraia Raupp Musse

Reinforcement learning from verifiable emotion rewards RLVER has produced language models with strong empathetic performance, evaluated on benchmarks that assume cooperative, honest users. Yet real emotional interactions systematically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Deeraj S K , Sadhana Devarajan , Krishna Mehra , Sudhakar Mishra

Emotion Recognition (ER) is the process of identifying human emotions from given data. Currently, the field heavily relies on facial expression recognition (FER) because facial expressions contain rich emotional cues. However, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Yuanyuan Liu , Lin Wei , Kejun Liu , Yibing Zhan , Zijing Chen , Zhe Chen , Shiguang Shan

As AI systems become more integrated into daily life, the need for safer and more reliable moderation has never been greater. Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, surpassing earlier models in complexity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Naseem Machlovi , Maryam Saleki , Innocent Ababio , Ruhul Amin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various information-seeking and reasoning tasks. These computational systems drive state-of-the-art dialogue systems, such as ChatGPT and Bard. They also carry…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Siyuan Brandon Loh , Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has gained tremendous attention over the past year. Previous studies have shown the astonishing performance of LLMs not only in other tasks but also in emotion recognition in terms of accuracy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Liyizhe Peng , Zixing Zhang , Tao Pang , Jing Han , Huan Zhao , Hao Chen , Björn W. Schuller

Evaluating the emotional intelligence (EI) of audio language models (ALMs) is critical. However, existing benchmarks mostly rely on synthesized speech, are limited to single-turn interactions, and depend heavily on open-ended scoring. This…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-27 Shuiyuan Wang , Zhixian Zhao , Hongfei Xue , Chengyou Wang , Shuai Wang , Hui Bu , Xin Xu , Lei Xie

This paper extends recent investigations on the emotional reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Current research on LLMs has not directly evaluated the distinction between how LLMs predict the self-attribution of emotions and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ala N. Tak , Jonathan Gratch

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents a promising solution to the global shortage of mental health professionals. However, their alignment with essential counseling competencies remains underexplored. We introduce…

Empathetic response generation is designed to comprehend the emotions of others and select the most appropriate strategies to assist them in resolving emotional challenges. Empathy can be categorized into cognitive empathy and affective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Yuxuan Hu , Minghuan Tan , Chenwei Zhang , Zixuan Li , Xiaodan Liang , Min Yang , Chengming Li , Xiping Hu

Large language models are routinely deployed on text that varies widely in emotional tone, yet their reasoning behavior is typically evaluated without accounting for emotion as a source of representational variation. Prior work has largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Benjamin Reichman , Adar Avsian , Samuel Webster , Larry Heck

Most affective computing research treats emotion as a static property of text, focusing on the writer's sentiment while overlooking the reader's perspective. This approach ignores how individual personalities lead to diverse emotional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuqin Yang , Haowu Zhou , Haoran Tu , Zhiwen Hui , Shiqi Yan , HaoYang Li , Dong She , Xianrong Yao , Yang Gao , Zhanpeng Jin

With the rapid advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), they have demonstrated exceptional capabilities across a variety of vision-language tasks. However, current evaluation benchmarks predominantly focus on objective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Haokun Li , Yazhou Zhang , Jizhi Ding , Qiuchi Li , Peng Zhang

Current large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated emerging capabilities in social intelligence tasks, including implicature resolution and theory-of-mind reasoning, both of which require substantial pragmatic understanding. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Kefan Yu , Qingcheng Zeng , Weihao Xuan , Wanxin Li , Jingyi Wu , Rob Voigt

[Background] Emotional Intelligence (EI) can impact Software Engineering (SE) outcomes through improved team communication, conflict resolution, and stress management. SE workers face increasing pressure to develop both technical and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Allysson Allex Araújo , Marcos Kalinowski , Matheus Paixao , Daniel Graziotin

Video-based Affective Computing (VAC), vital for emotion analysis and human-computer interaction, suffers from model instability and representational degradation due to complex emotional dynamics. Since the meaning of different emotional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Feng-Qi Cui , Jinyang Huang , Sirui Zhao , Xinyu Li , Xin Yan , Ziyu Jia , Xiaokang Zhou

Emotions conveyed through voice and face shape engagement and context in human AI interaction. Despite rapid progress in omni modal large language models, the holistic evaluation of emotional reasoning with audiovisual cues remains limited.…