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The quadratic time and memory complexity inherent to self-attention mechanisms, with respect to sequence length, presents a critical computational bottleneck in the training and deployment of large-scale Transformer-based language models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Praneeth Kacham , Vahab Mirrokni , Peilin Zhong

The quadratic complexity of dot-product attention introduced in Transformer remains a fundamental bottleneck impeding the progress of foundation models toward unbounded context lengths. Addressing this challenge, we introduce the Deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yifan Zhang

Can a transformer learn which attention entries matter during training? In principle, yes: attention distributions are highly concentrated, and a small gate network can identify the important entries post-hoc with near-perfect accuracy. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Keston Aquino-Michaels

Tabular data poses unique challenges for deep learning due to its heterogeneous feature types, lack of spatial structure, and often limited sample sizes. We propose TabNSA, a novel deep learning framework that integrates Native Sparse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Ali Eslamian , Qiang Cheng

Recent advancements in diffusion models have notably improved the perceptual quality of generated images in text-to-image synthesis tasks. However, diffusion models often struggle to produce images that accurately reflect the intended…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yang Zhang , Teoh Tze Tzun , Lim Wei Hern , Tiviatis Sim , Kenji Kawaguchi

The attention module is the key component in Transformers. While the global attention mechanism offers high expressiveness, its excessive computational cost restricts its applicability in various scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Dongchen Han , Tianzhu Ye , Yizeng Han , Zhuofan Xia , Siyuan Pan , Pengfei Wan , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

The use of Transformer represents a recent success in speech enhancement. However, as its core component, self-attention suffers from quadratic complexity, which is computationally prohibited for long speech recordings. Moreover, it allows…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Qiquan Zhang , Hongxu Zhu , Qi Song , Xinyuan Qian , Zhaoheng Ni , Haizhou Li

Masked Discrete Diffusion Models (MDMs) have achieved strong performance across a wide range of multimodal tasks, including image understanding, generation, and editing. However, their inference speed remains suboptimal due to the need to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Shufan Li , Jiuxiang Gu , Kangning Liu , Zhe Lin , Zijun Wei , Aditya Grover , Jason Kuen

The quadratic computation complexity of self-attention has been a persistent challenge when applying Transformer models to vision tasks. Linear attention, on the other hand, offers a much more efficient alternative with its linear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Dongchen Han , Xuran Pan , Yizeng Han , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) are essential for video generation but suffer from significant latency due to the quadratic complexity of attention. By computing only critical tokens, sparse attention reduces computational costs and offers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shuo Yang , Haocheng Xi , Yilong Zhao , Muyang Li , Jintao Zhang , Han Cai , Yujun Lin , Xiuyu Li , Chenfeng Xu , Jianfei Chen , Song Han , Kurt Keutzer , Ion Stoica

Document-level Neural Machine Translation (DocNMT) has been proven crucial for handling discourse phenomena by introducing document-level context information. One of the most important directions is to input the whole document directly to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Zihan Liu , Zewei Sun , Shanbo Cheng , Shujian Huang , Mingxuan Wang

Transformers provide a class of expressive architectures that are extremely effective for sequence modeling. However, the key limitation of transformers is their quadratic memory and time complexity $\mathcal{O}(L^2)$ with respect to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Hongyu Ren , Hanjun Dai , Zihang Dai , Mengjiao Yang , Jure Leskovec , Dale Schuurmans , Bo Dai

A new line of research for feature selection based on neural networks has recently emerged. Despite its superiority to classical methods, it requires many training iterations to converge and detect informative features. The computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Ghada Sokar , Zahra Atashgahi , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Decebal Constantin Mocanu

Token representation strategies within large-scale neural architectures often rely on contextually refined embeddings, yet conventional approaches seldom encode structured relationships explicitly within token interactions. Self-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 James Blades , Frederick Somerfield , William Langley , Susan Everingham , Maurice Witherington

Despite their power, Transformers face challenges with long sequences due to the quadratic complexity of self-attention. To address this limitation, methods like $k$-Nearest-Neighbor ($k$NN) attention have been introduced [Roy, Saffar,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Themistoklis Haris

Multivariate time series (MTS) analysis prevails in real-world applications such as finance, climate science and healthcare. The various self-attention mechanisms, the backbone of the state-of-the-art Transformer-based models, efficiently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Quang Minh Nguyen , Lam M. Nguyen , Subhro Das

The quadratic complexity of the attention module makes it gradually become the bulk of compute in Transformer-based LLMs during generation. Moreover, the excessive key-value cache that arises when dealing with long inputs also brings severe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Siyu Ren , Qi Jia , Kenny Q. Zhu

We propose a novel two-stage text-to-speech (TTS) framework with two types of discrete tokens, i.e., semantic and acoustic tokens, for high-fidelity speech synthesis. It features two core components: the Interpreting module, which processes…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-26 Joun Yeop Lee , Myeonghun Jeong , Minchan Kim , Ji-Hyun Lee , Hoon-Young Cho , Nam Soo Kim

The increasing demand for long-context modeling in large language models (LLMs) is bottlenecked by the quadratic complexity of the standard self-attention mechanism. The community has proposed sparse attention to mitigate this issue.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jingze Shi , Yifan Wu , Yiran Peng , Bingheng Wu , Liangdong Wang , Guang Liu , Yuyu Luo

Recurrent sequence generators conditioned on input data through an attention mechanism have recently shown very good performance on a range of tasks in- cluding machine translation, handwriting synthesis and image caption gen- eration. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-25 Jan Chorowski , Dzmitry Bahdanau , Dmitriy Serdyuk , Kyunghyun Cho , Yoshua Bengio
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