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Transmitting energy and information are two essential aspects of nature. Recent findings suggest they are closely related, while a quantitative equivalence between them is still unknown. This thus motivates us to ask: Can information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Chung-Yun Hsieh

The equivalence of 1 bit of information to entropy was given by Landauer in 1961 as kln2, k the Boltzmann constant. Erasing information implies heat dissipation and the energy of 1 bit would then be (the Landauers limit) kT ln 2, T being…

General Physics · Physics 2014-01-24 Antonio Alfonso-Faus

The thermodynamic cost of resetting an arbitrary initial state to a particular desired state is lower bounded by Landauer's bound. However, here we demonstrate that this lower bound is necessarily unachievable for nearly every initial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Paul M. Riechers , Mile Gu

Modern computing architectures are vastly more energy-dissipative than fundamental thermodynamic limits suggest, motivating the search for principled approaches to low-dissipation logical operations. We formulate multi-bit logical gates…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-07-01 Jérémie Klinger , Grant M. Rotskoff

Quantum operations provide a general description of the state changes allowed by quantum mechanics. The reversal of quantum operations is important for quantum error-correcting codes, teleportation, and reversing quantum measurements. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 M. A. Nielsen , Carlton M. Caves , Benjamin Schumacher , Howard Barnum

Landauer's principle states that the logical irreversibility of an operation, such as erasing one bit, whatever its physical implementation, necessarily implies its thermodynamical irreversibility. In this paper, a very simple…

Classical Physics · Physics 2023-08-02 D. Lairez

Evaluating the inherent difficulty of a given data-driven classification problem is important for establishing absolute benchmarks and evaluating progress in the field. To this end, a natural quantity to consider is the \emph{Bayes error},…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-08 Ryan Theisen , Huan Wang , Lav R. Varshney , Caiming Xiong , Richard Socher

We propose a duality between thermodynamics and computational complexity, elevating the difficulty of a computational task to the status of a thermodynamic variable. By introducing a complexity measure C as a novel coordinate, we formulate…

General Physics · Physics 2025-01-28 Florian Neukart , Valerii Vinokur

Information dynamics is an emerging description of information processing in complex systems which describes systems in terms of intrinsic computation, identifying computational primitives of information storage and transfer. In this paper…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-10-03 Richard E. Spinney , Joseph T. Lizier , Mikhail Prokopenko

Thermodynamics is a macroscopic physical theory whose two very general laws are independent of any underlying dynamical laws and structures. Nevertheless, its generality enables us to understand a broad spectrum of phenomena in physics,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 K. Maruyama , C. Brukner , V. Vedral

Landauer's principle states that it costs at least kTln2 of work to reset one bit in the presence of a heat bath at temperature T. The bound of kTln2 is achieved in the unphysical infinite-time limit. Here we ask what is possible if one is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-16 Cormac Browne , Andrew J. P. Garner , Oscar C. O. Dahlsten , Vlatko Vedral

Traditional thermodynamic trade-off relations usually apply to quantities that depend linearly on probability distributions. In contrast, many important information-theoretic measures, such as entropies, are nonlinear and therefore…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-17 Yoshihiko Hasegawa

Erasing memory is a fundamental operational task in quantum information processing, governed by Landauer's principle, which links information loss to thermodynamic work. We introduce and analyze assisted quantum erasure, where correlations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Mir Alimuddin , Nathan Shettell , Raja Yehia , Antonio Acín , Federico Centrone

According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors in the next 10-15 years the limits imposed by the physics of switch operation will be the major roadblock for future scaling of the CMOS technology. Among these limits the…

Materials Science · Physics 2017-07-18 Luca Gammaitoni

Learning systems acquire structured internal representations from data, yet classical information-theoretic results state that deterministic transformations do not increase information. This raises a fundamental question: how can learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Daisuke Okanohara

A long standing open problem whether a heat engine with finite power achieves the Carnot efficiency is investigated. We rigorously prove a general trade-off inequality on thermodynamic efficiency and time interval of a cyclic process with…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-08-18 Naoto Shiraishi , Hiroyasu Tajima

We present a mathematical framework for quantifying energy efficiency in intelligent systems by linking energy consumption to information-processing capacity. We introduce a watts-per-intelligence metric that integrates algorithmic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Elija Perrier

The thermodynamic uncertainty relation sets the minimal bound of the cost-precision trade-off relation for dissipative processes. Examining the dynamics of an internally coupled system that is driven by a constant thermodynamic force, we…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-09-19 Sangwon Lee , Changbong Hyeon , Junghyo Jo

A unified thermodynamic formalism describing the efficiency of learning is proposed. First, we derive an inequality, which is more strength than Clausius's inequality, revealing the lower bound of the entropy-production rate of a subsystem.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-04-15 Shanhe Su , Ousi Pan , Shihao Xia , Jincan Chen , Chikako Uchiyama

Quantum error correction (QEC) is a procedure by which the quantum state of a system is protected against a known type of noise, by preemptively adding redundancy to that state. Such a procedure is commonly used in quantum computing when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-28 Arshag Danageozian , Mark M. Wilde , Francesco Buscemi