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Policy gradient methods for Large Language Models optimize a policy $\pi_\theta$ via a surrogate objective computed from samples of a rollout policy $\pi_{\text{roll}}$. However, modern LLM-RL pipelines suffer from unavoidable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Yingru Li , Jiacai Liu , Jiawei Xu , Yuxuan Tong , Ziniu Li , Qian Liu , Baoxiang Wang

Synthetic tabular data generation has attracted growing attention due to its importance for data augmentation, foundation models, and privacy. However, real-world tabular datasets increasingly contain free-form text fields (e.g., reviews or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Donghong Cai , Jiarui Feng , Yanbo Wang , Da Zheng , Yixin Chen , Muhan Zhang

The Evidence Lower Bound (ELBO) is a quantity that plays a key role in variational inference. It can also be used as a criterion in model selection. However, though extremely popular in practice in the variational Bayes community, there has…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-04-09 Badr-Eddine Chérief-Abdellatif

Diffusion language models (DLMs) are an attractive alternative to autoregressive models because they promise sublinear-time, parallel generation, yet practical gains remain elusive as high-quality samples still demand hundreds of refinement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Hasan Amin , Yuan Gao , Yaser Souri , Subhojit Som , Ming Yin , Rajiv Khanna , Xia Song

Generative video models demonstrate impressive text-to-video capabilities, spurring widespread adoption in many real-world applications. However, like large language models (LLMs), video generation models tend to hallucinate, producing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Zhiting Mei , Ola Shorinwa , Anirudha Majumdar

Diffusion models may be viewed as hierarchical variational autoencoders (VAEs) with two improvements: parameter sharing for the conditional distributions in the generative process and efficient computation of the loss as independent terms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Beatrix M. G. Nielsen , Anders Christensen , Andrea Dittadi , Ole Winther

Stochastic programming is often challenged by epistemic uncertainty, where critical probability distributions are poorly characterized or unknown due to a lack of data. To address this, we pioneer a novel framework for stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Shixin Liu , Ming Gao , Jian Hu

A lower bound on the maximum likelihood (ML) decoding error exponent of linear block code ensembles, on the erasure channel, is developed. The lower bound turns to be positive, over an ensemble specific interval of erasure probabilities,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Enrico Paolini , Gianluigi Liva

An information-theoretic upper bound on the generalization error of supervised learning algorithms is derived. The bound is constructed in terms of the mutual information between each individual training sample and the output of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Yuheng Bu , Shaofeng Zou , Venugopal V. Veeravalli

It is highly desirable to know how uncertain a model's predictions are, especially for models that are complex and hard to understand as in deep learning. Although there has been a growing interest in using deep learning methods in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Davood Karimi , Simon K. Warfield , Ali Gholipour

We study nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation for two classes of multivariate distributions that imply strong forms of positive dependence; namely log-supermodular (MTP$_2$) distributions and log-$L^\#$-concave (LLC) distributions.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-07-10 Elina Robeva , Bernd Sturmfels , Ngoc Tran , Caroline Uhler

Empirical Bayes provides a powerful approach to learning and adapting to latent structure in data. Theory and algorithms for empirical Bayes have a rich literature for sequence models, but are less understood in settings where latent…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-12-21 Zhou Fan , Leying Guan , Yandi Shen , Yihong Wu

Diffusion models demonstrate remarkable capabilities in capturing complex data distributions and have achieved compelling results in many generative tasks. While they have recently been extended to dense prediction tasks such as depth…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Haorui Ji , Taojun Lin , Hongdong Li

Recently, topic modeling has been widely used to discover the abstract topics in text corpora. Most of the existing topic models are based on the assumption of three-layer hierarchical Bayesian structure, i.e. each document is modeled as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-10 Yi-Kun Tang , Xian-Ling Mao , Heyan Huang , Guihua Wen

We present an novel framework for efficiently and effectively extending the powerful continuous diffusion processes to discrete modeling. Previous approaches have suffered from the discrepancy between discrete data and continuous modeling.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yuxuan Gu , Xiaocheng Feng , Lei Huang , Yingsheng Wu , Zekun Zhou , Weihong Zhong , Kun Zhu , Bing Qin

When aggregating information from conflicting sources, one's goal is to find the truth. Most real-value \emph{truth discovery} (TD) algorithms try to achieve this goal by estimating the competence of each source and then aggregating the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Tsviel Ben Shabat , Reshef Meir , David Azriel

Masked Diffusion Models (MDMs) offer a promising alternative to autoregressive language models by enabling parallel token generation and bidirectional context modeling. However, their inference speed is significantly limited by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Satyam Goyal , Kushal Patel , Tanush Mittal , Arjun Laxman

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has shown promising results in aligning generative outputs with human preferences by distinguishing between chosen and rejected samples. However, a critical limitation of DPO is likelihood displacement,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ruojun Xu , Yu Kai , Xuhua Ren , Jiaxiang Cheng , Bing Ma , Tianxiang Zheng , Qinhlin Lu

This paper explores the intricate relationship between interpretability and robustness in deep learning models. Despite their remarkable performance across various tasks, deep learning models often exhibit critical vulnerabilities,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Navid Nayyem , Abdullah Rakin , Longwei Wang

We solve the problem of estimating the distribution of presumed i.i.d. observations for the total variation loss. Our approach is based on density models and is versatile enough to cope with many different ones, including some density…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-01-05 Y. Baraud , H. Halconruy , G. Maillard