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Large Language Models (LLMs) face a fundamental safety-helpfulness trade-off due to static, one-size-fits-all safety policies that lack runtime controllabilityxf, making it difficult to tailor responses to diverse application needs. %As a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Jianfeng Si , Lin Sun , Weihong Lin , Xiangzheng Zhang

The current paradigm for safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) follows a one-size-fits-all approach: the model refuses to interact with any content deemed unsafe by the model provider. This approach lacks flexibility in the face…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Jingyu Zhang , Ahmed Elgohary , Ahmed Magooda , Daniel Khashabi , Benjamin Van Durme

Safety alignment is a key requirement for building reliable Artificial General Intelligence. Despite significant advances in safety alignment, we observe that minor latent shifts can still trigger unsafe responses in aligned models. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Tianle Gu , Kexin Huang , Zongqi Wang , Yixu Wang , Jie Li , Yuanqi Yao , Yang Yao , Yujiu Yang , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang

Safety alignment in large language models (LLMs) is commonly implemented as a single static policy embedded in model parameters. However, real-world deployments often require context-dependent safety rules that vary across users, regions,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jingyu Peng , Hongyu Chen , Jiancheng Dong , Maolin Wang , Wenxi Li , Yuchen Li , Kai Zhang , Xiangyu Zhao

LLMs increasingly exhibit over-refusal behavior, where safety mechanisms cause models to reject benign instructions that seemingly resemble harmful content. This phenomenon diminishes utility in production applications that repeatedly rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Utsav Maskey , Sumit Yadav , Mark Dras , Usman Naseem

Aligned LLMs are secure, capable of recognizing and refusing to answer malicious questions. However, the role of internal parameters in maintaining such security is not well understood yet, further these models can be vulnerable to security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Shen Li , Liuyi Yao , Lan Zhang , Yaliang Li

Large language models (LLMs) often require fine-tuning (FT) to perform well on downstream tasks, but FT can induce safety-alignment drift even when the training dataset contains only benign data. Prior work shows that introducing a small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Guoli Wang , Haonan Shi , Tu Ouyang , An Wang

Recent studies on the safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) have revealed that existing approaches often operate superficially, leaving models vulnerable to various adversarial attacks. Despite their significance, these studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jianwei Li , Jung-Eun Kim

Safety alignment in large language models (LLMs) is primarily evaluated under open-ended generation, where models can mitigate risk by refusing to respond. In contrast, many real-world applications place LLMs in structured decision-making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuheng Chen , Zhiyu Wu , Bowen Cheng , Tetsuro Takahashi

Human cognition, driven by complex neurochemical processes, oscillates between imagination and reality and learns to self-correct whenever such subtle drifts lead to hallucinations or unsafe associations. In recent years, LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Sharanya Dasgupta , Arkaprabha Basu , Sujoy Nath , Swagatam Das

Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on safety alignment to obey safe requests while refusing harmful ones. However, traditional refusal mechanisms often lead to "rigid rejection," where a general template (e.g., "I cannot fulfill this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ying Zhang , Congyu Qiao , Xin Geng , Ning Xu

Generalizable alignment is a core challenge for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) safely in real-world NLP applications. Current alignment methods, including Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), often fail to guarantee…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Jaymari Chua , Chen Wang , Lina Yao

Reinforcement Learning (RL) applications in real-world scenarios must prioritize safety and reliability, which impose strict constraints on agent behavior. Model-based RL leverages predictive world models for action planning and policy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Artem Latyshev , Gregory Gorbov , Aleksandr I. Panov

We identify a structural weakness in current large language model (LLM) alignment: modern refusal mechanisms are fail-open. While existing approaches encode refusal behaviors across multiple latent features, suppressing a single dominant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Zachary Coalson , Beth Sohler , Aiden Gabriel , Sanghyun Hong

Jailbreak attacks pose persistent threats to large language models (LLMs). Current safety alignment methods have attempted to address these issues, but they experience two significant limitations: insufficient safety alignment depth and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yuanbo Xie , Yingjie Zhang , Tianyun Liu , Duohe Ma , Tingwen Liu

This study reveals a previously unexplored vulnerability in the safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs). Existing aligned LLMs predominantly respond to unsafe queries with refusals, which often begin with a fixed set of prefixes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yangyang Guo , Ziwei Xu , Si Liu , Zhiming Zheng , Mohan Kankanhalli

Current safety alignment methods encode safe behavior implicitly within model parameters, creating a fundamental opacity: we cannot easily inspect why a model refuses a request, nor intervene when its safety judgments fail. We propose Safe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jingyuan Feng , Andrew Gambardella , Gouki Minegishi , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Open-weight LLMs can be modified at inference time with simple activation edits, which raises a practical question for safety: do common safety interventions like refusal training or metatag training survive such edits? We study model…

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) to adapt to evolving safety policies is costly and impractical. Mechanistic interpretability enables inference-time control through latent activation steering, yet its potential for precise,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Shaona Ghosh , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Yftah Ziser , Christopher Parisien

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in enterprise settings, controlling model behavior based on user roles becomes an essential requirement. Existing safety methods typically assume uniform access and focus on…

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