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Recent research has established that the impact of context in a vanilla transformer can be represented implicitly by forming a token-dependent, rank-1 patch to its MLP weights. This work extends that foundational theory to the diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Adrian Goldwaser , Michael Munn , Javier Gonzalvo , Benoit Dherin

Transformer language models are state of the art in a multitude of NLP tasks. Despite these successes, their opaqueness remains problematic. Recent methods aiming to provide interpretability and explainability to black-box models primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Felix Friedrich , Patrick Schramowski , Christopher Tauchmann , Kristian Kersting

Neural network verification tools currently support only a narrow class of specifications, typically expressed as low-level constraints over raw inputs and outputs. This limitation significantly hinders their adoption and practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yizhak Y. Elboher , Reuven Peleg , Zhouxing Shi , Guy Katz , Jan Křetínský

This paper addresses the problem of formally verifying desirable properties of neural networks, i.e., obtaining provable guarantees that neural networks satisfy specifications relating their inputs and outputs (robustness to bounded norm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Krishnamurthy , Dvijotham , Robert Stanforth , Sven Gowal , Timothy Mann , Pushmeet Kohli

Many proposed applications of neural networks in machine learning, cognitive/brain science, and society hinge on the feasibility of inner interpretability via circuit discovery. This calls for empirical and theoretical explorations of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Federico Adolfi , Martina G. Vilas , Todd Wareham

Behavioral software contracts are a widely used mechanism for governing the flow of values between components. However, run-time monitoring and enforcement of contracts imposes significant overhead and delays discovery of faulty components…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-06-17 Phuc C. Nguyen , Sam Tobin-Hochstadt , David Van Horn

We present a novel approach for solving quantified bit-vector formulas in Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) based on computing symbolic inverses of bit-vector operators. We derive conditions that precisely characterize when bit-vector…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Aina Niemetz , Mathias Preiner , Andrew Reynolds , Clark Barrett , Cesare Tinelli

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising tool for developing controllers for real world systems (e.g., robotics, autonomous driving, etc.). However, real systems often have constraints imposed on their state space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Akshita Gupta , Inseok Hwang

Machine learning is a thriving part of computer science. There are many efficient approaches to machine learning that do not provide strong theoretical guarantees, and a beautiful general learning theory. Unfortunately, machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-12 Charles Jordan , Łukasz Kaiser

The Transformer model is widely used in various application areas of machine learning, such as natural language processing. This paper investigates the approximation of the H\"older continuous function class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Yuling Jiao , Yanming Lai , Yang Wang , Bokai Yan

Transformer-based models have gained popularity in the field of natural language processing (NLP) and are extensively utilized in computer vision tasks and multi-modal models such as GPT4. This paper presents a novel method to enhance the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Yingjie Niu , Ming Ding , Maoning Ge , Robin Karlsson , Yuxiao Zhang , Kazuya Takeda

We perform formal verification of quantum circuits by integrating several techniques specialized to particular classes of circuits. Our verification methodology is based on the new notion of a reversible miter that allows one to leverage…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-01 Shigeru Yamashita , Igor L. Markov

In this paper, we present the Logically submissions to De-Factify 2 challenge (DE-FACTIFY 2023) on the task 1 of Multi-Modal Fact Checking. We describes our submissions to this challenge including explored evidence retrieval and selection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Pim Jordi Verschuuren , Jie Gao , Adelize van Eeden , Stylianos Oikonomou , Anil Bandhakavi

Neural network controllers have shown potential in achieving superior performance in feedback control systems. Although a neural network can be trained efficiently using deep and reinforcement learning methods, providing formal guarantees…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-10 Han Wang , Zuxun Xiong , Liqun Zhao , Antonis Papachristodoulou

This paper introduces several techniques that improve the scalability of the deductive verification of data-level programs working on arrays and matrices. First of all, we introduce a technique to rewrite expressions with (nested)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Lars B. van den Haak , Anton Wijs , Marieke Huisman

Despite their central role in the success of foundational models and large-scale language modeling, the theoretical foundations governing the operation of Transformers remain only partially understood. Contemporary research has largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Sagar Ghosh , Kushal Bose , Swagatam Das

As deep learning models increasingly find applications in critical domains such as medical imaging, the need for transparent and trustworthy decision-making becomes paramount. Many explainability methods provide insights into how these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Piotr Komorowski , Hubert Baniecki , Przemysław Biecek

To improve the explainability of leading Transformer networks used in NLP, it is important to tease apart genuine symbolic rules from merely associative input-output patterns. However, we identify several inconsistencies in how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Tommi Gröndahl , Yujia Guo , N. Asokan

Recent studies have adopted pre-trained language models, such as CodeT5 and CodeGPT, for automated program generation tasks like code generation, repair, and translation. Numerous language model-based approaches have been proposed and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Yue Liu , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Yonghui Liu , Li Li

Deriving formal bounds on the expressivity of transformers, as well as studying transformers that are constructed to implement known algorithms, are both effective methods for better understanding the computational power of transformers.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Andy Yang , David Chiang