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In this paper we present the two-state vector formalism of quantum mechanics. It is a time-symmetrized approach to standard quantum theory particularly helpful for the analysis of experiments performed on pre- and post-selected ensembles.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-06-10 Yakir Aharonov , Lev Vaidman

The quantum mechanics formalism introduced new revolutionary concepts challenging our everyday perceptions. Arguably, quantum entanglement, which explains correlations that cannot be reproduced classically, is the most notable of them.…

Quantum Theory is one of the pillars of modern science developed over the last hundred years. In this review paper we introduce, step by step, the quantum theory understood as a mathematical model describing quantum experiments. We start…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Teiko Heinosaari , Mario Ziman

This paper presents the findings of pedagogical research on the efficacy of a virtual laboratory platform in general education courses on quantum information science. Specifically, a virtual laboratory activity based on the Bell test has…

Physics Education · Physics 2026-03-25 Hongbin Song

Quantum superposition, a cornerstone of quantum mechanics, enables systems to exist in multiple states simultaneously, giving rise to probabilistic outcomes. In quantum information science, conditional entropy has become a key metric for…

General Physics · Physics 2024-10-21 Daegene Song

Simulating quantum mechanics is known to be a difficult computational problem, especially when dealing with large systems. However, this difficulty may be overcome by using some controllable quantum system to study another less controllable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-14 I. M. Georgescu , S. Ashhab , Franco Nori

An improvement of Q-learning is proposed in this paper. It is different from classic Q-learning in that the similarity between different states and actions is considered in the proposed method. During the training, a new updating mechanism…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Wei Liao , Xiaohui Wei , Jizhou Lai

Quantum Information Technologies and a Practical Module is a new course we launch at Shanghai Jiao Tong University targeting at the undergraduate students who major in a variety of engineering disciplines. We develop a holistic curriculum…

Physics Education · Physics 2021-12-14 Hao Tang , Tian-Yu Wang , Ruoxi Shi , Xian-Min Jin

Quantum physics is considered as one of the most remarkable discoveries of contemporary physics grown during previous century and gradually manifested to the scientific world such as inventions of laser, the transistor, the electron…

Physics Education · Physics 2010-03-01 Bayram Akarsu

Learning parity functions, more general modular addition, is a challenging machine learning task due to its input sensitivity. A recent study substantially scaled modular addition learning in both the number of summands and the modulus. Its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Hanato Kikuchi , Ryosuke Masuya , Kazuhiko Kawamoto , Hiroshi Kera

The advent of hybrid computing platforms consisting of quantum processing units integrated with conventional high-performance computing brings new opportunities for algorithm design. By strategically offloading select portions of the…

Demonstrating quantum advantage has been a pressing challenge in the field. Most claimed quantum speedups rely on a subroutine in which classical information can be accessed in a coherent quantum manner, which imposes a crucial constraint…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Nhat A. Nghiem

Training models on spatio-temporal (ST) data poses an open problem due to the complicated and diverse nature of the data itself, and it is challenging to ensure the model's performance directly trained on the original ST data. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Du Yin , Jinliang Deng , Shuang Ao , Zechen Li , Hao Xue , Arian Prabowo , Renhe Jiang , Xuan Song , Flora Salim

We demonstrate how students' use of modeling can be examined and assessed using student notebooks collected from an upper-division electronics lab course. The use of models is a ubiquitous practice in undergraduate physics education, but…

Physics Education · Physics 2017-02-15 Jacob T. Stanley , Weifeng Su , H. J. Lewandowski

The recently established resource theory of quantum coherence allows for a quantitative understanding of the superposition principle, with applications reaching from quantum computing to quantum biology. While different quantifiers of…

People are witnessing quantum computing revolutions nowadays. Progress in the number of qubits, coherence times and gate fidelities are happening. Although quantum error correction era has not arrived, the research and development of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-17 Guanru Feng , Dawei Lu , Jun Li , Tao Xin , Bei Zeng

Quantum computing algorithms require that the quantum register be initially present in a superposition state. To achieve this, we consider the practical problem of creating a coherent superposition state of several qubits. Owing to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Subhash Kak

Academic procrastination is a persistent challenge in computing education, yet evidence on the effectiveness of course-level interventions remains fragmented across diverse designs and contexts. We present a systematic literature review of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Daniel Cheng , Oscar Heath , Daniyaal Farooqi , Evelyn Chou , Alice Gao , Jonathan Calver

Significant obstacles prevent large, university-level, introductory physics courses from effectively teaching problem-solving skills. We describe our program for integrating three internet-based "teaching-while-quizzing" tools to address…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-06-26 David Toback , Andreas Mershin , Irina Novikova

In this study, we reexamine a recent optimal control simulation targeting the preparation of a superposition of two excited electronic states in the UV range in a complex molecular system. We revisit this control from the perspective of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-20 Amine Jaouadi , Etienne Mangaud , Michèle Desouter-Lecomte