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Reinforcement Learning (RL) is essential for evolving Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents capable of long-horizon planning, yet a practical recipe for scaling RL in complex, multi-turn environments remains elusive. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xixi Wu , Qianguo Sun , Ruiyang Zhang , Chao Song , Junlong Wu , Yiyan Qi , Hong Cheng

This article introduces a formal model to specify, model and validate hierarchical complex systems described at different levels of analysis. It relies on concepts that have been developed in the multi-agent-based simulation (MABS)…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2012-06-01 Gildas Morvan , Daniel Dupont , Jean-Baptiste Soyez , Rochdi Merzouki

LLM agents can reason and use tools, but they often break down on long-horizon tasks due to unbounded context growth and accumulated errors. Common remedies such as context compression or retrieval-augmented prompting introduce trade-offs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Chenglin Yu , Yuchen Wang , Songmiao Wang , Hongxia Yang , Ming Li

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into Development Environments (IDEs) has become a focal point in modern software development. LLMs such as OpenAI GPT-3.5/4 and Code Llama offer the potential to significantly augment…

Understanding an agent's goals helps explain and predict its behaviour, yet there is no established methodology for reliably attributing goals to agentic systems. We propose a framework for evaluating goal-directedness that integrates…

Agent-based models (ABMs) have shown promise for modelling various real world phenomena incompatible with traditional equilibrium analysis. However, a critical concern is the manual definition of behavioural rules in ABMs. Recent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Benjamin Patrick Evans , Sumitra Ganesh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as one of the most significant technological advancements in artificial intelligence in recent years. Their ability to understand, generate, and reason with natural language has transformed how we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yanfei Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents, yet their practical utility is fundamentally constrained by a limited context window and state desynchronization resulting from the LLMs' stateless nature and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Fikresilase Wondmeneh Abebayew

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly instantiated as interacting agents in multi-agent systems (MAS), where collective decisions emerge through social interaction rather than independent reasoning. A fundamental yet underexplored…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Chen Han , Jin Tan , Bohan Yu , Wenzhen Zheng , Xijin Tang

Training models to act as agents that can effectively navigate and perform actions in a complex environment, such as a web browser, has typically been challenging due to lack of training data. Large language models (LLMs) have recently…

Significant advancements have occurred in the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) for social simulations. Despite this, their abilities to perform teaming in task-oriented social events are underexplored. Such capabilities are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yuan Li , Lichao Sun , Yixuan Zhang

Existing LLM-based agents have achieved strong performance on held-in tasks, but their generalizability to unseen tasks remains poor. Hence, some recent work focus on fine-tuning the policy model with more diverse tasks to improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Yu Xia , Jingru Fan , Weize Chen , Siyu Yan , Xin Cong , Zhong Zhang , Yaxi Lu , Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

The arrival of Large Language Models (LLMs) has stirred up philosophical debates about the possibility of realizing agency in an artificial manner. In this work we contribute to the debate by presenting a theoretical model that can be used…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Maud van Lier , Gorka Muñoz-Gil

Industry practitioners and academic researchers regularly use multi-agent systems to accelerate their work, but the applications through which users operate these systems do not provide a simple, unified mechanism for scalably managing…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Christopher J. Agostino , Nayan D'Souza

Cross-domain task-oriented dialogue requires reasoning over implicit and explicit feasibility constraints while planning long-horizon, multi-turn actions. Large language models (LLMs) can infer such constraints but are unreliable over long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yangyang Zhao , Linfan Dai , Li Cai , Bowen Xing , Libo Qin

As Large Language Models (LLMs) transition from static tools to autonomous agents, traditional evaluation benchmarks that measure performance on downstream tasks are becoming insufficient. These methods fail to capture the emergent social…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Zarreen Reza

With the society's growing adoption of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) for various intelligent solutions, it becomes increasingly imperative to standardize a common set of measures for ML/DL models with large scale open…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Yen-Hsiang Chang , Jianhao Pu , Wen-mei Hwu , Jinjun Xiong

The scientific claims drawn from LLM social simulations should be no stronger than the robustness audits that support them. Generative agents bring new expressive power to agent-based modeling, enabling simulations of collective social…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-05-20 Jinyi Ye , Lei Cao , Ding Chen , Emilio Ferrara

Instruction-tuned language models exhibit behavioural fairness in high-stakes decisions while retaining biased associations in their internal representations. However, whether these suppressed representations can affect model outputs - and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jagdish Tripathy , Marcus Buckmann

LLM agents have begun to find real security vulnerabilities that human auditors and automated fuzzers missed for decades, in source-available targets where the analyst can build and instrument the code. In practice the work is split among…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Hanzhi Liu , Chaofan Shou , Xiaonan Liu , Hongbo Wen , Yanju Chen , Ryan Jingyang Fang , Yu Feng