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LLM-based Conversational AIs (CAIs), also known as GenAI chatbots, like ChatGPT, are increasingly used across various domains, but they pose privacy risks, as users may disclose personal information during their conversations with CAIs.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Xiao Zhan , Juan Carlos Carrillo , William Seymour , Jose Such

AI chatbots are becoming a primary interface for seeking information. As their popularity grows, chatbot providers are starting to deploy advertising and analytics. Despite this, tracking on AI chatbots has not been systematically studied.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Muhammad Jazlan , Ethan Wang , Yash Vekaria , Zubair Shafiq

Objective: Assess the feasibility of using ChatGPT or a similar AI-based chatbot for patient-provider communication. Participants: A US representative sample of 430 study participants aged 18 and above. 53.2% of respondents analyzed were…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Oded Nov , Nina Singh , Devin Mann

Users interacting with large language models (LLMs) under their real identifiers often unknowingly risk disclosing private information. Automatically notifying users whether their queries leak privacy and which phrases leak what private…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hang Zeng , Xiangyu Liu , Yong Hu , Chaoyue Niu , Fan Wu , Shaojie Tang , Guihai Chen

An increasing number of studies use gender information to understand phenomena such as gender bias, inequity in access and participation, or the impact of the Covid pandemic response. Unfortunately, most datasets do not include…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Michelle Alexopoulos , Kelly Lyons , Kaushar Mahetaji , Marcus Emmanuel Barnes , Rogan Gutwillinger

Large language models (LLMs) learn statistical associations from massive training corpora and user interactions, and deployed systems can surface or infer information about individuals. Yet people lack practical ways to inspect what a model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Dimitri Staufer , Kirsten Morehouse , David Hartmann , Bettina Berendt

Popular large language model (LLM) chatbots such as ChatGPT and Claude require users to create an account with an email or a phone number before allowing full access to their services. This practice ties users' personally identifiable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Dzung Pham , Jade Sheffey , Chau Minh Pham , Amir Houmansadr

The exponential growth in user acquisition and popularity of OpenAIs ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence(AI) powered chatbot, was accompanied by widespread mainstream media coverage. This article presents a quantitative data analysis of the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Maya Karanouh

Social chatbots, also known as chit-chat chatbots, evolve rapidly with large pretrained language models. Despite the huge progress, privacy concerns have arisen recently: training data of large language models can be extracted via model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Haoran Li , Yangqiu Song , Lixin Fan

Generative large language models (LLMs) have become central to everyday life, producing human-like text across diverse domains. A growing body of research investigates whether these models also exhibit personality- and demographic-like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Dana Sotto Porat , Ella Rabinovich

Sensitive information, such as knowledge about an individual's personality, can be can be misused to influence behavior (e.g., via personalized messaging). To assess to what extent an individual's personality can be inferred from user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Derya Cögendez , Verena Zimmermann , Noé Zufferey

Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have demonstrated amazing capabilities in comprehending user intents and generate reasonable and useful responses. Beside their ability to chat, their capabilities in various natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Liz Li , Wei Zhu

Given the rapid advancement of large-scale language models, artificial intelligence (AI) models, like ChatGPT, are playing an increasingly prominent role in human society. However, to ensure that artificial intelligence models benefit human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Hang Yuan , Zhongyue Che , Shao Li , Yue Zhang , Xiaomeng Hu , Siyang Luo

Recent improvement gains in large language models (LLMs) have lead to everyday usage of AI-based Conversational Agents (CAs). At the same time, LLMs are vulnerable to an array of threats, including jailbreaks and, for example, causing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Kathrin Grosse , Nico Ebert

The ability of machines to comprehend and produce language that is similar to that of humans has revolutionized sectors like customer service, healthcare, and finance thanks to the quick advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Swetha S , Ram Sundhar K Shaju , Rakshana M , Ganesh R , Balavedhaa S , Thiruvaazhi U

As millions of people use ChatGPT for tasks such as education, writing assistance, and health advice, concerns have grown about how personal prompts and data are stored and used. This study explores how Reddit users collectively negotiate…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-10 S M Mehedi Zaman , Saubhagya Joshi , Yiyi Wu

People increasingly hold sustained, open-ended conversations with large language models (LLMs). Public reports and early studies suggest that, in such settings, models can reinforce delusional or conspiratorial ideation or even amplify…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Peter Kirgis , Ben Hawriluk , Sherrie Feng , Aslan Bilimer , Sam Paech , Zeynep Tufekci

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at producing broadly relevant text, but this generality becomes a limitation when user-specific preferences are required, such as recommending restaurants or planning travel. In these scenarios, users…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ioannis Tsaknakis , Bingqing Song , Shuyu Gan , Dongyeop Kang , Alfredo Garcia , Gaowen Liu , Charles Fleming , Mingyi Hong

Large language models have not only captivated the public imagination but have also sparked a profound rethinking of how we learn. In the third year following the breakthrough launch of ChatGPT, everyday informal learning has been…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Nađa Terzimehić , Babette Bühler , Enkelejda Kasneci

Chatbots such as GPT-4 and ChatGPT are now serving millions of users. Despite their widespread use, there remains a lack of public datasets showcasing how these tools are used by a population of users in practice. To bridge this gap, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Wenting Zhao , Xiang Ren , Jack Hessel , Claire Cardie , Yejin Choi , Yuntian Deng