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Large Language Models (LLMs) have become the new foundation for many applications, reshaping human society like a storm. Disaggregated inference, which separates prefill and decode stages, is a promising approach to improving hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Shiyang Chen , Rain Jiang , Dezhi Yu , Jinlai Xu , Mengyuan Chao , Fanlong Meng , Chenyu Jiang , Wei Xu , Hang Liu

Inference serving for large language models (LLMs) is the key to unleashing their potential in people's daily lives. However, efficient LLM serving remains challenging today because the requests are inherently heterogeneous and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Biao Sun , Ziming Huang , Hanyu Zhao , Wencong Xiao , Xinyi Zhang , Yong Li , Wei Lin

Compound AI systems, such as agentic systems, are an emerging trend in large-scale enterprise settings, with multiple LLMs specialized for different users, tasks, and/or roles working together. In these scenarios, different models often…

Large Language Models (LLMs) based on autoregressive, decoder-only Transformers generate text one token at a time, where a token represents a discrete unit of text. As each newly produced token is appended to the partial output sequence,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Dimitrios Kafetzis , Ramin Khalili , Iordanis Koutsopoulos

Modern large language model (LLM) applications exhibit diverse service-level objectives (SLOs), from low-latency requirements in interactive coding assistants to more relaxed constraints in data wrangling tasks. Existing LLM serving…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in generative applications such as chatting, code generation, and reasoning. However, many realworld workloads such as classification, question answering, recommendation, and text embedding rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Dinghong Song , Yuan Feng , Yiwei Wang , Shangye Chen , Cyril Guyot , Filip Blagojevic , Hyeran Jeon , Pengfei Su , Dong Li

Advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to a surge of LLM-powered applications. These applications have diverse token-generation latency requirements. As a result, simply classifying workloads as latency-sensitive (LS) or…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Kan Zhu , Haiyang Shi , Le Xu , Jiaxin Shan , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Baris Kasikci , Liguang Xie

Efficient parallelization of Large Language Models (LLMs) with long sequences is essential but challenging due to their significant computational and memory demands, particularly stemming from communication bottlenecks in attention…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Zongwu Wang , Fangxin Liu , Mingshuai Li , Li Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized numerous domains, driving the rise of Language-Model-as-a-Service (LMaaS) platforms that process millions of queries daily. These platforms must minimize latency and meet Service Level…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zhihan Jiang , Yujie Huang , Guangba Yu , Junjie Huang , Jiazhen Gu , Michael R. Lyu

Recent advancements in Large Visual Language Models (LVLMs) have gained significant attention due to their remarkable reasoning capabilities and proficiency in generalization. However, processing a large number of visual tokens and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Kai Huang , Hao Zou , Bochen Wang , Ye Xi , Zhen Xie , Hao Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming ubiquitous across industries, where applications demand they fulfill diverse user intents. However, developers currently face the challenge of manually exploring numerous deployment configurations -…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Dimitrios Liakopoulos , Tianrui Hu , Prasoon Sinha , Neeraja J. Yadwadkar

Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance, and organizations are racing to serve LLMs of varying sizes as endpoints for use-cases like chat, programming and search. However, efficiently serving multiple LLMs…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Jiangfei Duan , Runyu Lu , Haojie Duanmu , Xiuhong Li , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin , Ion Stoica , Hao Zhang

Finetuning large language models (LLMs) is essential for task adaptation, yet today's serving stacks isolate inference and finetuning on separate GPU clusters -- wasting resources and under-utilizing hardware. We introduce FlexLLM, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Gabriele Oliaro , Xupeng Miao , Xinhao Cheng , Vineeth Kada , Mengdi Wu , Ruohan Gao , Yingyi Huang , Remi Delacourt , April Yang , Yingcheng Wang , Colin Unger , Zhihao Jia

LLM decoding is bottlenecked for large batches and long contexts by loading the key-value (KV) cache from high-bandwidth memory, which inflates per-token latency, while the sequential nature of decoding limits parallelism. We analyze the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Ted Zadouri , Hubert Strauss , Tri Dao

In recent times, the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has resulted in increasingly larger model size, posing challenges for inference on low-resource devices. Prior approaches have explored offloading to facilitate low-memory…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Xuanlei Zhao , Bin Jia , Haotian Zhou , Ziming Liu , Shenggan Cheng , Yang You

This paper introduces Helix, a distributed system for high-throughput, low-latency large language model (LLM) serving in heterogeneous GPU clusters. The key idea behind Helix is to formulate inference computation of LLMs over heterogeneous…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Yixuan Mei , Yonghao Zhuang , Xupeng Miao , Juncheng Yang , Zhihao Jia , Rashmi Vinayak

The architectural shift to prefill/decode (PD) disaggregation in LLM serving improves resource utilization but struggles with the bursty nature of modern workloads. Existing autoscaling policies, often retrofitted from monolithic systems…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Ruiqi Lai , Hongrui Liu , Chengzhi Lu , Zonghao Liu , Siyu Cao , Siyang Shao , Yixin Zhang , Luo Mai , Dmitrii Ustiugov

We introduce xLLM, an intelligent and efficient Large Language Model (LLM) inference framework designed for high-performance, large-scale enterprise-grade serving, with deep optimizations for diverse AI accelerators. To address these…

While large language models (LLMs) excel at handling long-context sequences, they require substantial prefill computation and key-value (KV) cache, which can heavily burden computational efficiency and memory usage in both prefill and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongwon Jo , Jiwon Song , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-Joon Kim
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