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In Symbolic Regression (SR), Genetic Programming (GP) is a popular search algorithm that delivers state-of-the-art results in term of accuracy. Its success relies on the concept of neutrality, which induces large plateaus that the search…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca , Gabriel Kronberger

Symbolic regression (SR) has emerged as a powerful method for uncovering interpretable mathematical relationships from data, offering a novel route to both scientific discovery and efficient empirical modelling. This article introduces the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Deaglan J. Bartlett , Harry Desmond , Pedro G. Ferreira , Gabriel Kronberger

In a regression task, a function is learned from labeled data to predict the labels at new data points. The goal is to achieve small prediction errors. In symbolic regression, the goal is more ambitious, namely, to learn an interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Paul Kahlmeyer , Joachim Giesen , Michael Habeck , Henrik Voigt

Evolutionary symbolic regression (SR) fits a symbolic equation to data, which gives a concise interpretable model. We explore using SR as a method to propose which data to gather in an active learning setting with physical constraints. SR…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Jorge Medina , Andrew D. White

Symbolic regression (SR) uncovers mathematical models from data. Several benchmarks have been proposed to compare the performance of SR algorithms. However, existing ground-truth rediscovery benchmarks overemphasize the recovery of "the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Viktor Martinek

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a type of regression analysis to automatically find the mathematical expression that best fits the data. Currently, SR still basically relies on various searching strategies so that a sample-specific model is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Jiachen Li , Ye Yuan , Hong-Bin Shen

We study the addition of shape constraints (SC) and their consideration during the parameter identification step of symbolic regression (SR). SC serve as a means to introduce prior knowledge about the shape of the otherwise unknown model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Viktor Martinek , Julia Reuter , Ophelia Frotscher , Sanaz Mostaghim , Markus Richter , Roland Herzog

Symbolic regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering the analytical mathematical expression from data, finding various applications in natural sciences due to its good interpretability of results. However, existing methods face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Xieting Chu , Hongjue Zhao , Enze Xu , Hairong Qi , Minghan Chen , Huajie Shao

Symbolic regression is a machine learning technique, and it has seen many advancements in recent years, especially in genetic programming approaches (GPSR). Furthermore, it has been known for many years that constant optimization of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 L. G. A dos Reis , V. L. P. S. Caminha , T. J. P. Penna

Symbolic regression (SR) seeks to recover closed-form mathematical expressions that describe observed data. While existing methods have advanced the discovery of either explicit mappings (i.e., $y = f(\mathbf{x})$) or discovering implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Michael Scherk , Boyuan Chen

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to find symbolic expressions that describe datasets. Due to its inherent interpretability, is a powerful paradigm for scientific discovery. Recent advances have expanded SR to describe related phenomena using a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Viktor Martinek , Roland Herzog

Symbolic regression (SR) -- which learns symbolic equations to describe the underlying relation from input-output pairs -- is widely used for scientific discovery. However, a rich set of scientific data from the real world (e.g., particle…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Kuang Yufei , Wang Jie , Huang Haotong , Ye Mingxuan , Zhu Fangzhou , Li Xijun , Hao Jianye , Wu Feng

We introduce SymbolFit, a framework that automates parametric modeling by using symbolic regression to perform a machine-search for functions that fit the data while simultaneously providing uncertainty estimates in a single run.…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-07-04 Ho Fung Tsoi , Dylan Rankin , Cecile Caillol , Miles Cranmer , Sridhara Dasu , Javier Duarte , Philip Harris , Elliot Lipeles , Vladimir Loncar

Symbolic regression (SR) is the problem of learning a symbolic expression from numerical data. Recently, deep neural models trained on procedurally-generated synthetic datasets showed competitive performance compared to more classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Pierre-Alexandre Kamienny , Guillaume Lample , Sylvain Lamprier , Marco Virgolin

Symbolic Regression (SR) allows for the discovery of scientific equations from data. To limit the large search space of possible equations, prior knowledge has been expressed in terms of formal grammars that characterize subsets of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Tim Schneider , Amin Totounferoush , Wolfgang Nowak , Steffen Staab

Symbolic Regression (SR) tries to reveal the hidden equations behind observed data. However, most methods search within a discrete equation space, where the structural modifications of equations rarely align with their numerical behavior,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Qian Li , Yuxiao Hu , Juncheng Liu , Yuntian Chen

Symbolic regression is the process of identifying mathematical expressions that fit observed output from a black-box process. It is a discrete optimization problem generally believed to be NP-hard. Prior approaches to solving the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-19 T. Nathan Mundhenk , Mikel Landajuela , Ruben Glatt , Claudio P. Santiago , Daniel M. Faissol , Brenden K. Petersen

Symbolic Regression is the study of algorithms that automate the search for analytic expressions that fit data. While recent advances in deep learning have generated renewed interest in such approaches, the development of symbolic…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-12-27 Wassim Tenachi , Rodrigo Ibata , Foivos I. Diakogiannis

Symbolic Regression tries to find a mathematical expression that describes the relationship of a set of explanatory variables to a measured variable. The main objective is to find a model that minimizes the error and, optionally, that also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Fabricio Olivetti de Franca

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering interpretable mathematical expressions. However, benchmarking SR methods remains challenging due to the diversity of algorithms, datasets, and evaluation criteria. In this…