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Natural language has the universal properties of being compositional and grounded in reality. The emergence of linguistic properties is often investigated through simulations of emergent communication in referential games. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Tom Kouwenhoven , Max Peeperkorn , Bram van Dijk , Tessa Verhoef

While cross-lingual word embeddings have been studied extensively in recent years, the qualitative differences between the different algorithms remain vague. We observe that whether or not an algorithm uses a particular feature set…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Omer Levy , Anders Søgaard , Yoav Goldberg

There is a large ongoing scientific effort in mechanistic interpretability to map embeddings and internal representations of AI systems into human-understandable concepts. A key element of this effort is the linear representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Alexander Modell , Patrick Rubin-Delanchy , Nick Whiteley

Compositional embedding models build a representation (or embedding) for a linguistic structure based on its component word embeddings. We propose a Feature-rich Compositional Embedding Model (FCM) for relation extraction that is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-09-16 Matthew R. Gormley , Mo Yu , Mark Dredze

In this paper we propose a data intensive approach for inferring sentence-internal temporal relations. Temporal inference is relevant for practical NLP applications which either extract or synthesize temporal information (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2011-10-10 M. Lapata , A. Lascarides

Do large language models (LLMs) exhibit sociodemographic biases, even when they decline to respond? To bypass their refusal to "speak," we study this research question by probing contextualized embeddings and exploring whether this bias is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Raphael Tang , Xinyu Zhang , Jimmy Lin , Ferhan Ture

We consider analysis of relational data (a matrix), in which the rows correspond to subjects (e.g., people) and the columns correspond to attributes. The elements of the matrix may be a mix of real and categorical. Each subject and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-07-03 Esther Salazar , Matthew Cain , Elise Darling , Stephen Mitroff , Lawrence Carin

Transformer-based models generate hidden states that are difficult to interpret. In this work, we analyze hidden states and modify them at inference, with a focus on motion forecasting. We use linear probing to analyze whether interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Omer Sahin Tas , Royden Wagner

Language is typically modelled with discrete sequences. However, the most successful approaches to language modelling, namely neural networks, are continuous and smooth function approximators. In this work, we show that Transformer-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Samuele Marro , Davide Evangelista , X. Angelo Huang , Emanuele La Malfa , Michele Lombardi , Michael Wooldridge

Transformer-based models have demonstrated remarkable reasoning abilities, but the mechanisms underlying relational reasoning remain poorly understood. We investigate how transformers perform \textit{transitive inference}, a classic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jesse Geerts , Andrew Liu , Stephanie Chan , Claudia Clopath , Kimberly Stachenfeld

Structured data, prevalent in tables, databases, and knowledge graphs, poses a significant challenge in its representation. With the advent of large language models (LLMs), there has been a shift towards linearization-based methods, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Yutong Shao , Ndapa Nakashole

The relationship between communicated language and intended meaning is often probabilistic and sensitive to context. Numerous strategies attempt to estimate such a mapping, often leveraging recursive Bayesian models of communication. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Benjamin Lipkin , Lionel Wong , Gabriel Grand , Joshua B Tenenbaum

This paper advances phrase break prediction (also known as phrasing) in multi-speaker text-to-speech (TTS) systems. We integrate speaker-specific features by leveraging speaker embeddings to enhance the performance of the phrasing model. We…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Dong Yang , Yuki Saito , Takaaki Saeki , Tomoki Koriyama , Wataru Nakata , Detai Xin , Hiroshi Saruwatari

We evaluate LLMs' language understanding capacities on simple inference tasks that most humans find trivial. Specifically, we target (i) grammatically-specified entailments, (ii) premises with evidential adverbs of uncertainty, and (iii)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Victoria Basmov , Yoav Goldberg , Reut Tsarfaty

Generating semantically coherent text requires a robust internal representation of linguistic structures, which traditional embedding techniques often fail to capture adequately. A novel approach, Latent Lexical Projection (LLP), is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Ziad Shaker , Brendan Ashdown , Hugo Fitzalan , Alistair Heathcote , Jocasta Huntington

While researchers are finding concepts represented as linear directions in language models, a bag of linear directions fails to capture relational structure. To better understand this dichotomy, we study a model with known linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Andrew Lee , Fernanda Viégas , Martin Wattenberg

Associative learning--forming links between co-occurring items--is fundamental to human cognition, reshaping internal representations in complex ways. Testing hypotheses on how representational changes occur in biological systems is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Camila Kolling , Vy Ai Vo , Mariya Toneva

We study how large language models recall relational knowledge during text generation, with a focus on identifying latent representations suitable for relation classification via linear probes. Prior work shows how attention heads and MLPs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Nicholas Popovič , Michael Färber

Labeled property graphs often contain rich textual attributes that can enhance analytical tasks when properly leveraged. This work explores the use of pretrained text embedding models to enable efficient semantic analysis in such graphs. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Michal Podstawski

In this paper, we introduce personalized word embeddings, and examine their value for language modeling. We compare the performance of our proposed prediction model when using personalized versus generic word representations, and study how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Charles Welch , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld , Verónica Pérez-Rosas , Rada Mihalcea