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As renewable sources increasingly replace existing conventional generation, the dynamics of the grid drastically changes, posing new challenges for transmission system operations, but also arising new opportunities as converter-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-11 Alessandro Crivellaro , Ali Tayyebi , Catalin Gavriluta , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

DC microgrids are converter-based electrical networks that are increasingly being used in various applications, including data centers and industrial distribution systems. A central challenge in their operation is maintaining the DC-bus…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

The modern power system features high penetration of power converters due to the development of renewables, HVDC, etc. Currently, the controller design and parameter tuning of power converters heavily rely on rich engineering experience and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents a non-intrusive, decentralized approach that stabilizes AC microgrids dominated by inverter-based resources (IBRs). By "non-intrusive" we mean that the approach does not require reprogramming IBRs' controllers to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-23 Tong Huang

This paper studies stability analysis of DC microgrids with uncertain constant power loads (CPLs). It is well known that CPLs have negative impedance effects, which may cause instability in a DC microgrid. Existing works often study the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-27 Jianzhe Liu , Wei Zhang , Giorgio Rizzoni

DC microgrids are becoming popular as effective means to integrate various renewable energy resources. Constant power loads (CPLs) may yield instability due to the negative impedance characteristic. This paper analyzes the stability of the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Zhangjie Liu , Mei Su , Yao Sun , Hua Han , Xiaochao Hou , Josep M. Guerrero

Most previously proposed controllers are analyzed in the small-signal/quasi-steady regime rather than large-signal or transient stability for grid-forming inverters (GFMI). Additionally, methods that presume system-wide data--global…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng

In this article, we show that the projection-free, snapshot-based, balanced truncation method can be applied directly to unstable systems. We prove that even for unstable systems, the unmodified balanced proper orthogonal decomposition…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2015-08-27 Thibault L. B. Flinois , Aimee S. Morgans , Peter J. Schmid

Existing methods to determine the stability of a power system to small perturbations are based on eigenvalue analysis and focus on the asymptotic (long-term) behavior of the power grid. During the preasymptotic (short-term) transient,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-22 Daniel Adrian Maldonado , Emil Constantinescu , Junbo Zhao , Mihai Anitescu

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a precise method for quantifying GFM converter behavior and a universally accepted GFM definition…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-24 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

A method is presented to analyze the stability of feedback systems with neural network controllers. Two stability theorems are given to prove asymptotic stability and to compute an ellipsoidal inner-approximation to the region of attraction…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-28 He Yin , Peter Seiler , Murat Arcak

Recent research has shown that operating grid-connected converters using the grid-forming vector current control (GFVCC) scheme offers significant benefits, including the simplicity and modularity of the control architecture, as well as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-06 Ognjen Stanojev , Orcun Karaca , Mario Schweizer

With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables, distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for grid stabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution of this challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Lukas Kölsch , Katharina Wieninger , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

A new method for stability assessment of inverter-based microgrids is presented in this paper. It leverages the notion of critical clusters -- a localized group of inverters with parameters having the highest impact on the system stability.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-21 Andrey Gorbunov , Petr Vorobev , Jimmy Chih-Hsien Peng

The widely accepted definition of grid-forming (GFM) inverter states that it should behave as a (nearly) constant voltage source behind an impedance by maintaining a (nearly) constant internal voltage phasor in the sub-transient to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Ambuj Gupta , Balarko Chaudhuri , Mark O'Malley

A case study on modeling adequacy of a grid in presence of renewable resources based on grid-forming converters (GFCs) is the subject matter of this paper. For this purpose, a 4-machine 11-bus IEEE benchmark model is modified by considering…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Lilan Karunaratne , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri , Amirthagunaraj Yogarathnam , Meng Yue

Modern power systems increasingly demand converter-driven generation systems that integrate seamlessly with grid infrastructure. Grid-based converters are particularly advantageous, as they operate in harmony with conventional synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Somayeh Mehri Boroojeni , Ehsan Sharafoddin

Modern power systems increasingly rely on power electronic converters, yet many of these devices are provided as black-box models, limiting the applicability of conventional small-signal analysis (SSA) tools. This work presents a unified…

The equilibrium state of a superfluid in a rotating cylindrical vessel is a vortex crystal -- an array of vortex lines which is stationary in the rotating frame. Experimental realisations of this behaviour typically show a sequence of…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-10-31 Andrew Cleary , Jacob Page

Grid-forming (GFM) converters are generally expected to exhibit low impedance near the fundamental frequency due to their voltage-source behavior. However, an impedance peak and a negative-resistance region are consistently observed in this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Chao Wu , Jinhao Wang , Yong Wang , Changjiang Zhan , Frede Blaabjerg