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The deployment of agent systems in an enterprise environment is often hindered by several challenges: common models lack domain-specific process knowledge, leading to disorganized plans, missing key tools, and poor execution stability. To…

Agent self-improvement, where the backbone Large Language Model (LLM) of the agent are trained on trajectories sampled autonomously based on their own policies, has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing performance. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Tianqing Fang , Hongming Zhang , Zhisong Zhang , Kaixin Ma , Wenhao Yu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Reinforcement learning for LLM agents is typically conducted on a static data distribution, which fails to adapt to the agent's evolving behavior and leads to poor coverage of complex environment interactions. To address these challenges,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Shidong Yang , Ziyu Ma , Tongwen Huang , Yiming Hu , Yong Wang , Xiangxiang Chu

Agent harness evolution improves frozen language-model agents by modifying the executable structures around them. We study this paradigm as a form of sample-efficient fast adaptation: instead of updating model weights, an agent can acquire…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lirong Che , Yuzhe yang , Peiwen lin , Chuang wang , Xueqian wang , Jian su

The emergence of multi-agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs) has unlocked new frontiers in complex task-solving, enabling diverse agents to integrate unique expertise, collaborate flexibly, and address challenges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jingbo Wang , Sendong Zhao , Haochun Wang , Yuzheng Fan , Lizhe Zhang , Yan Liu , Ting Liu

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) with varying capabilities and costs has created a need for efficient model selection in AI systems. LLM routers address this need by dynamically choosing the most suitable model for a given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zesen Zhao , Shuowei Jin , Z. Morley Mao

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in games has gained significant momentum in recent years, enabling the creation of different agent behaviors that can transform a player's gaming experience. However, deploying RL agents in production…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 António Afonso , Iolanda Leite , Alessandro Sestini , Florian Fuchs , Konrad Tollmar , Linus Gisslén

LLM agents have shown strong performance across a wide range of complex tasks, including interactive environments that require long-horizon decision making. But these agents cannot learn on the fly at test time. Self-evolving agents address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yibo Li , Jiashuo Yang , Zhi Zheng , Zhiyuan Hu , Yuan Sui , Shizun Wang , Yufei He , Bryan Hooi

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have recently shown impressive capabilities in complex reasoning and tool use via multi-step interactions with their environments. While these agents have the potential to tackle complicated tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jiaye Lin , Yifu Guo , Yuzhen Han , Sen Hu , Ziyi Ni , Licheng Wang , Mingguang Chen , Hongzhang Liu , Ronghao Chen , Yangfan He , Daxin Jiang , Binxing Jiao , Chen Hu , Huacan Wang

Modeling complex human behavior, such as voter decisions in national elections, is a long-standing challenge for computational social science. Traditional agent-based models (ABMs) are limited by oversimplified rules, while large-scale…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-12-09 Lingfeng Zhou , Yi Xu , Zhenyu Wang , Dequan Wang

Conventional agent systems often struggle in open-ended environments where task distributions continuously drift and external supervision is scarce. Their reliance on static toolsets or offline training lags behind these dynamics, leaving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Haotian Li , Shijun Yang , Weizhen Qi , Silei Zhao , Rui Hua , Mingzhu Song , Xiaojian Yang , Chao Peng

Foundation models (FM) have unlocked powerful zero-shot capabilities in vision and language, yet their reliance on internet pretraining data leaves them brittle in unstructured, real-world settings. The messy, real-world data encountered…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Jennifer Grannen , Michelle Pan , Kenneth Llontop , Cherie Ho , Mark Zolotas , Jeannette Bohg , Dorsa Sadigh

While Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have significantly advanced GUI agents' capabilities in parsing textual instructions, interpreting screen content, and executing tasks, a critical challenge persists: the irreversibility of agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Shaokang Wang , Pei Fu , Ruoceng Zhang , Shaojie Zhang , Xiuwen Xi , Jiahui Yang , Bin Qin , Ying Huang , Zhenbo Luo , Jian Luan

Autonomous agents can adapt their behaviour to changing environments, but remain bound to requirements, goals, and capabilities fixed at design time, preventing genuine software evolution. This paper introduces self-evolving software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Marco Robol , Paolo Giorgini

Routing large language models (LLMs) is a new paradigm that uses a router to recommend the best LLM from a pool of candidates for a given input. In this paper, our comprehensive analysis with more than 8,500 LLMs reveals a novel model-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zhongzhan Huang , Guoming Ling , Yupei Lin , Yandong Chen , Shanshan Zhong , Hefeng Wu , Liang Lin

Interactive tool-using agents must solve real-world tasks via multi-turn interaction with both humans and external environments, requiring dialogue state tracking, multi-step tool execution, while following complex instructions.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jiaxuan Gao , Jiaao Chen , Chuyi He , Shusheng Xu , Di Jin , Yi Wu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layers increase model capacity by activating only a small subset of experts per token, and typically rely on a learned router to map hidden states to expert assignments. In this work, we ask whether a dedicated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jama Hussein Mohamud , Drew Wagner , Mirco Ravanelli

Automatic Prompt Optimization (APO) has emerged as a critical technique for enhancing Large Language Model (LLM) performance, yet current state-of-the-art methods typically rely on large, labeled gold-standard development sets to compute…

Optimizing large-scale machine learning systems, such as recommendation models for global video platforms, requires navigating a massive hyperparameter search space and, more critically, designing sophisticated optimizers, architectures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Haochen Wang , Yi Wu , Daryl Chang , Li Wei , Lukasz Heldt

Model routing is a simple technique for reducing the inference cost of large language models (LLMs), wherein one maintains a pool of candidate LLMs, and learns to route each prompt to the smallest feasible LLM. Existing works focus on…