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Recent research has focused on designing neural samplers that amortize the process of sampling from unnormalized densities. However, despite significant advancements, they still fall short of the state-of-the-art MCMC approach, Parallel…

The task of learning a diffusion-based neural sampler for drawing samples from an unnormalized target distribution can be viewed as a stochastic optimal control problem on path measures. However, the training of neural samplers can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Wei Guo , Jaemoo Choi , Yuchen Zhu , Molei Tao , Yongxin Chen

We study the problem of learning a neural sampler to generate samples from discrete state spaces where the target probability mass function $\pi\propto\mathrm{e}^{-U}$ is known up to a normalizing constant, which is an important task in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yuchen Zhu , Wei Guo , Jaemoo Choi , Guan-Horng Liu , Yongxin Chen , Molei Tao

Metadynamics, a member of the `flat histogram' class of advanced sampling algorithms, has been widely used in molecular simulations to drive the exploration of states separated by high free energy barriers and promote comprehensive sampling…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-09-13 Shanghui Huang , Michael J. Quevillon , Ernesto C. Cortés-Morales , Jonathan K. Whitmer

Neural network (NN) model chemistries (MCs) promise to facilitate the accurate exploration of chemical space and simulation of large reactive systems. One important path to improving these models is to add layers of physical detail,…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-04-04 John E. Herr , Kun Yao , Ryker McIntyre , David Toth , John Parkhill

Metadynamics is a commonly used and successful enhanced sampling method. By the introduction of a history dependent bias which depends on a restricted number of collective variables(CVs) it can explore complex free energy surfaces…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-12-06 Pratyush Tiwary , Michele Parrinello

Metadynamics is an enhanced sampling method of great popularity, based on the on-the-fly construction of a bias potential that is function of a selected number of collective variables. We propose here a change in perspective that shifts the…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-03-24 Michele Invernizzi , Michele Parrinello

Atomistic modelling of phase transitions, chemical reactions, or other rare events that involve overcoming high free energy barriers usually entails prohibitively long simulation times. Introducing a bias potential as a function of an…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-11-06 Federico Giberti , Bingqing Cheng , Gareth Aneurin Tribello , Michele Ceriotti

Learning to sample from complex unnormalized distributions over discrete domains emerged as a promising research direction with applications in statistical physics, variational inference, and combinatorial optimization. Recent work has…

Metadynamics is an established sampling method aimed at reconstructing the free-energy surface relative to a set of appropriately chosen collective variables. In standard metadynamics the free-energy surface is filled by the addition of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-07-11 Davide Branduardi , Giovanni Bussi , Michele Parrinello

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) face challenges during deployment due to covariate shift, i.e., data distribution shifts between development and deployment contexts. Fine-tuning adapts pre-trained models to new contexts requiring smaller…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Amin Abbasishahkoo , Mahboubeh Dadkhah , Lionel Briand , Dayi Lin

Annealing-based neural samplers seek to amortize sampling from unnormalized distributions by training neural networks to transport a family of densities interpolating from source to target. A crucial design choice in the training phase of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ezra Erives , Bowen Jing , Peter Holderrieth , Tommi Jaakkola

While gradient-based discrete samplers are effective in sampling from complex distributions, they are susceptible to getting trapped in local minima, particularly in high-dimensional, multimodal discrete distributions, owing to the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-21 Luxu Liang , Yuhang Jia , Feng Zhou

Metadynamics is a popular enhanced sampling scheme wherein by periodic application of a repulsive bias, one can surmount high free energy barriers and explore complex landscapes. Recently metadynamics was shown to be mathematically well…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2016-01-20 Pratyush Tiwary , James F. Dama , Michele Parrinello

Metadynamics (MTD) is a very powerful technique to sample high-dimensional free energy landscapes, and due to its self-guiding property, the method has been successful in studying complex reactions and conformational changes. MTD sampling…

Computational Physics · Physics 2016-02-05 Shalini Awasthi , Venkat Kapil , Nisanth N. Nair

Neural network approaches for meta-learning distributions over functions have desirable properties such as increased flexibility and a reduced complexity of inference. Building on the successes of denoising diffusion models for generative…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-08 Vincent Dutordoir , Alan Saul , Zoubin Ghahramani , Fergus Simpson

Modern datasets in neuroscience enable unprecedented inquiries into the relationship between complex behaviors and the activity of many simultaneously recorded neurons. While latent variable models can successfully extract low-dimensional…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-03 Jaivardhan Kapoor , Auguste Schulz , Julius Vetter , Felix Pei , Richard Gao , Jakob H. Macke

Simulation of multiphase flow in porous media is crucial for the effective management of subsurface energy and environment related activities. The numerical simulators used for modeling such processes rely on spatial and temporal…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Bicheng Yan , Dylan Robert Harp , Rajesh J. Pawar

Sampling from unnormalized multimodal distributions with limited density evaluations remains a fundamental challenge in machine learning and natural sciences. Successful approaches construct a bridge between a tractable reference and the…

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are powerful tools for compressing and distilling information. Their scale and complexity, often involving billions of inter-dependent parameters, render direct microscopic analysis difficult. Under such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-26 Inbar Seroussi , Gadi Naveh , Zohar Ringel
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