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This paper investigates the approximation power of three types of random neural networks: (a) infinite width networks, with weights following an arbitrary distribution; (b) finite width networks obtained by subsampling the preceding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-21 Bolton Bailey , Ziwei Ji , Matus Telgarsky , Ruicheng Xian

\citet{farrell2021deep} establish non-asymptotic high-probability bounds for general deep feedforward neural network (with rectified linear unit activation function) estimators, with \citet[Theorem 1]{farrell2021deep} achieving a suboptimal…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-11 Zhaoji Tang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) and Kolmogorov-Arnold networks (KANs) are popular methods for function approximation due to their flexibility and expressivity. However, they typically require a large number of trainable parameters to produce a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Zachary Morrow , Michael Penwarden , Brian Chen , Aurya Javeed , Akil Narayan , John D. Jakeman

Despite the fact that generative models are extremely successful in practice, the theory underlying this phenomenon is only starting to catch up with practice. In this work we address the question of the universality of generative models:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Valentin Khrulkov , Ivan Oseledets

Universal approximation theorems establish the expressive capacity of neural network architectures. For dynamical systems, existing results are limited to finite time horizons or systems with a globally stable equilibrium, leaving…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Abel Sagodi , Il Memming Park

In this paper we study shallow neural network functions which are linear combinations of compositions of activation and quadratic functions, replacing standard affine linear functions, often called neurons. We show the universality of this…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-12 Leon Frischauf , Otmar Scherzer , Cong Shi

Density functional theory is one of the most efficient and widely used computational methods of quantum mechanics, especially in fields such as solid state physics and quantum chemistry. From the theoretical perspecive, its central object…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Mihály A. Csirik , Andre Laestadius , Mathias Oster

In this paper, we study approximation properties of single hidden layer neural networks with weights varying on finitely many directions and thresholds from an open interval. We obtain a necessary and at the same time sufficient measure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Vugar Ismailov , Ekrem Savas

Recently, the authors of \cite{SYZ22} developed a neural network with width $36d(2d + 1)$ and depth $11$, which utilizes a special activation function called the elementary universal activation function, to achieve the super approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Ayan Maiti , Michelle Michelle , Haizhao Yang

A long standing open problem in the theory of neural networks is the development of quantitative methods to estimate and compare the capabilities of different architectures. Here we define the capacity of an architecture by the binary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-29 Pierre Baldi , Roman Vershynin

We analyze the universal approximation property of Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) in terms of their edge functions. If these functions are all affine, then universality clearly fails. How many non-affine functions are needed, in addition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Vugar Ismailov

Classical neural network approximation results take the form: for every function $f$ and every error tolerance $\epsilon > 0$, one constructs a neural network whose architecture and weights depend on $\epsilon$. This paper introduces a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Clemens Hutter , Valentin Abadie , Helmut Bölcskei

It is well-known that neural networks are universal approximators, but that deeper networks tend in practice to be more powerful than shallower ones. We shed light on this by proving that the total number of neurons $m$ required to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-30 David Rolnick , Max Tegmark

We study the approximation properties of neural ordinary differential equations (neural ODEs) in the space of continuous functions. Since a neural ODE requires input and output dimensions to be the same, while input and output dimensions of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-08 Arturo De Marinis , Davide Murari , Elena Celledoni , Nicola Guglielmi , Brynjulf Owren , Francesco Tudisco

Neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs) is an invertible neural network architecture promising for its free-form Jacobian and the availability of a tractable Jacobian determinant estimator. Recently, the representation power of NODEs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Takeshi Teshima , Koichi Tojo , Masahiro Ikeda , Isao Ishikawa , Kenta Oono

Reaction-diffusion systems represent one of the most fundamental formulations used to describe a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological processes. With the increasing adoption of neural networks, recent research has focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Haotian Feng

Function regression/approximation is a fundamental application of machine learning. Neural networks (NNs) can be easily trained for function regression using a sufficient number of neurons and epochs. The forward-forward learning algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shivam Padmani , Akshay Joshi

The study of universal approximation of arbitrary functions $f: \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ by neural networks has a rich and thorough history dating back to Kolmogorov (1957). In the case of learning finite dimensional maps, many authors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-04 William H. Guss , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Neural Networks (NNs) are the method of choice for building learning algorithms. Their popularity stems from their empirical success on several challenging learning problems. However, most scholars agree that a convincing theoretical…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Ronald DeVore , Boris Hanin , Guergana Petrova

In 2017, Hanin and Sellke showed that the class of arbitrarily deep, real-valued, feed-forward and ReLU-activated networks of width w forms a dense subset of the space of continuous functions on R^n, with respect to the topology of uniform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Joris Dommel , Sven A. Wegner