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Large Language Model (LLM) agents face security vulnerabilities spanning AI-specific and traditional software domains, yet current research addresses these separately. This study bridges this gap through comparative evaluation of Function…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Tarek Gasmi , Ramzi Guesmi , Ines Belhadj , Jihene Bennaceur

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has recently gained increased attention within the AI community for providing a standardized way for large language models (LLMs) to interact with external tools and services, significantly enhancing their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zihao Ding , Mufeng Zhu , Yao Liu

With the rise of LLMs, a large number of Model Context Protocol (MCP) services have emerged since the end of 2024. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of MCP servers have not been well studied. To study these questions, we propose an…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Zhiling Luo , Xiaorong Shi , Xuanrui Lin , Jinyang Gao

The rapid proliferation of Model Context Protocol (MCP)-based agentic systems has introduced a new category of security threats that existing frameworks are inadequately equipped to address. We present MCPThreatHive, an open-source platform…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yi Ting Shen , Kentaroh Toyoda , Alex Leung

Tool-using LLM agents increasingly coordinate real workloads by selecting and chaining third-party tools based on text-visible metadata such as tool names, descriptions, and return messages. We show that this convenience creates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yohan Lee , Jisoo Jang , Seoyeon Choi , Sangyeop Kim , Seungtaek Choi

Prompt injection is listed as the number-one vulnerability class in the OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications that can subvert LLM guardrails, disclose sensitive data, and trigger unauthorized tool use. Developers are rapidly adopting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Amin Milani Fard

Agentic AI is transforming security by automating many tasks being performed manually. While initial agentic approaches employed a monolithic architecture, the Model-Context-Protocol has now enabled a remote-procedure call (RPC) paradigm to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zachary Ezetta , Wu-chang Feng

While prior red-teaming efforts have focused on eliciting harmful text outputs from large language models (LLMs), such approaches fail to capture agent-specific vulnerabilities that emerge through multi-step tool execution, particularly in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Hyomin Lee , Sangwoo Park , Yumin Choi , Sohyun An , Seanie Lee , Sung Ju Hwang

The rapidly evolving Node$.$js ecosystem currently includes millions of packages and is a critical part of modern software supply chains, making vulnerability detection of Node$.$js packages increasingly important. However, traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Ronghao Ni , Mihai Christodorescu , Limin Jia

This survey investigates how classical software design patterns can enhance the reliability and scalability of communication in Large Language Model (LLM)-driven agentic AI systems, focusing particularly on the Model Context Protocol (MCP).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Anjana Sarkar , Soumyendu Sarkar

Background: Large language models (LLMs) show promise in medicine, but their deployment in hospitals is limited by restricted access to electronic health record (EHR) systems. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables integration between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Kanato Masayoshi , Masahiro Hashimoto , Ryoichi Yokoyama , Naoki Toda , Yoshifumi Uwamino , Shogo Fukuda , Ho Namkoong , Masahiro Jinzaki

Automatic differentiation (AD) enables powerful metasurface inverse design but requires extensive theoretical and programming expertise. We present a Model Context Protocol (MCP) assisted framework that allows researchers to conduct inverse…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Yi Huang , Bowen Zheng , Yunxi Dong , Hong Tang , Huan Zhao , S. M. Rakibul Hasan Shawon , Sensong An , Hualiang Zhang

As AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) increasingly use external tools for high-stakes decisions, a critical reliability question arises: how do errors propagate across sequential tool calls? We introduce the first theoretical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Flint Xiaofeng Fan , Cheston Tan , Roger Wattenhofer , Yew-Soon Ong

The proliferation of agentic AI coding assistants, including Claude Code, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, and emerging skill-based architectures, has fundamentally transformed software development workflows. These systems leverage Large Language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Narek Maloyan , Dmitry Namiot

Static Application Security Testing (SAST) tools using taint analysis are widely viewed as providing higher-quality vulnerability detection results compared to traditional pattern-based approaches. However, performing static taint analysis…

The increased adoption of the Model Context Protocol (MCP) for AI Agents necessitates robust security for Enterprise integrations. This paper introduces the MCP Gateway to simplify self-hosted MCP server integration. The proposed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Ivo Brett

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models (LLMs) to access external resources on demand. While commonly assumed to enhance performance, how LLMs actually leverage this capability remains poorly understood. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wei Song , Haonan Zhong , Ziqi Ding , Jingling Xue , Yuekang Li

Software vulnerability management has become increasingly critical as modern systems scale in size and complexity. However, existing automated approaches remain insufficient. Traditional static analysis methods struggle to precisely capture…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zelong Zheng , Jiayuan Zhou , Xing Hu , Yi Gao , Shengyi Pan

Existing agent communication frameworks face critical limitations in providing verifiable audit trails without compromising the privacy and confidentiality of agent interactions. The protection of agent communication privacy while ensuring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Guanlin Jing , Huayi Qi

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces a standard specification that defines how Foundation Model (FM)-based agents should interact with external systems by invoking tools. However, to understand a tool's purpose and features, FMs rely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan
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