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Evolution Strategies (ES) has recently emerged as a competitive alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) fine-tuning, offering advantages through simplicity, scalability, and inference-only training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kajetan Schweighofer , Conor F. Hayes , Roberto Dailey , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is an important solution concept in game theory which has been applied frequently to biological models. Informally an ESS is a strategy that if followed by the population cannot be taken over by a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-18 Sam Ganzfried

Evolutionary strategies have recently been shown to achieve competing levels of performance for complex optimization problems in reinforcement learning. In such problems, one often needs to optimize an objective function subject to a set of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Youssef Diouane , Aurelien Lucchi , Vihang Patil

Evolution strategies (ES), as a family of black-box optimization algorithms, recently emerge as a scalable alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) approaches such as Q-learning or policy gradient, and are much faster when many central…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Zhi Wang , Chunlin Chen , Daoyi Dong

Evolution Strategies (ES) is a class of powerful black-box optimisation methods that are highly parallelisable and can handle non-differentiable and noisy objectives. However, na\"ive ES becomes prohibitively expensive at scale on GPUs due…

Modern machine learning uses more and more advanced optimization techniques to find optimal hyper parameters. Whenever the objective function is non-convex, non continuous and with potentially multiple local minima, standard gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-13 Eric Benhamou , Jamal Atif , Rida Laraki

Various variants of the well known Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) have been proposed recently, which improve the empirical performance of the original algorithm by structural modifications. However, in practice it…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Sander van Rijn , Hao Wang , Matthijs van Leeuwen , Thomas Bäck

It is known that evolution strategies in continuous domains might not converge in the presence of noise. It is also known that, under mild assumptions, and using an increasing number of resamplings, one can mitigate the effect of additive…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-04-10 Marie-Liesse Cauwet

Two meta-evolutionary optimization strategies described in this paper accelerate the convergence of evolutionary programming algorithms while still retaining much of their ability to deal with multi-modal problems. The strategies, called…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2009-03-26 Ted Dunning

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for downstream tasks is an essential stage of modern AI deployment. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as the dominant fine-tuning paradigm, underpinning many state-of-the-art LLMs. In contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xin Qiu , Yulu Gan , Conor F. Hayes , Qiyao Liang , Yinggan Xu , Roberto Dailey , Elliot Meyerson , Babak Hodjat , Risto Miikkulainen

With the development of fast and massively parallel evaluations in many domains, Quality-Diversity (QD) algorithms, that already proved promising in a large range of applications, have seen their potential multiplied. However, we have yet…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Manon Flageat , Bryan Lim , Antoine Cully

Bilinear Matrix Inequalities (BMIs) are fundamental to control system design but are notoriously difficult to solve due to their nonconvexity. This study addresses BMI-based control optimization problems by adapting and integrating advanced…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-14 Syue-Cian Lin , Wei-Yu Chiu , Chien-Feng Wu

An evolution strategy (ES) variant based on a simplification of a natural evolution strategy recently attracted attention because it performs surprisingly well in challenging deep reinforcement learning domains. It searches for neural…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Joel Lehman , Jay Chen , Jeff Clune , Kenneth O. Stanley

Since the debut of Evolution Strategies (ES) as a tool for Reinforcement Learning by Salimans et al. 2017, there has been interest in determining the exact relationship between the Evolution Strategies gradient and the gradient of a similar…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-07 John C. Raisbeck , Matthew Allen , Ralph Weissleder , Hyungsoon Im , Hakho Lee

Evolutionary algorithms have been frequently applied to constrained continuous optimisation problems. We carry out feature based comparisons of different types of evolutionary algorithms such as evolution strategies, differential evolution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-09-24 Shayan Poursoltan , Frank Neumann

Evolution strategy (ES) has been shown great promise in many challenging reinforcement learning (RL) tasks, rivaling other state-of-the-art deep RL methods. Yet, there are two limitations in the current ES practice that may hinder its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Jiaxing Zhang , Hoang Tran , Guannan Zhang

The performance of evolutionary algorithms can be heavily undermined when constraints limit the feasible areas of the search space. For instance, while Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy is one of the most efficient algorithms…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-08 A. Maesani , G. Iacca , D. Floreano

Convergence of Extremum Seeking (ES) algorithms has been established in the limit of small gains. Using averaging theory and contraction analysis, we propose a framework for computing explicit bounds on the departure of the ES scheme from…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-03-20 Gabriel Bousquet , Jean-Jacques Slotine

Theoretical analyses of evolution strategies are indispensable for gaining a deep understanding of their inner workings. For constrained problems, rather simple problems are of interest in the current research. This work presents a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-12 Patrick Spettel , Hans-Georg Beyer

In this paper, an evolutionary strategy (ES) method is introduced as an optimization approach to solve problems in the manufacturing area. The ES method is applied to a case study for milling operations. The results show that it can…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-01-08 Zhixin Yang