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Evaluating large language models (LLMs) is challenging. Traditional ground-truth-based benchmarks fail to capture the comprehensiveness and nuance of real-world queries, while LLM-as-judge benchmarks suffer from grading biases and limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jinjie Ni , Fuzhao Xue , Xiang Yue , Yuntian Deng , Mahir Shah , Kabir Jain , Graham Neubig , Yang You

Multi-step multimodal reasoning tasks pose significant challenges for multimodal large language models (MLLMs), and finding effective ways to enhance their performance in such scenarios remains an unresolved issue. In this paper, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Guanting Dong , Chenghao Zhang , Mengjie Deng , Yutao Zhu , Zhicheng Dou , Ji-Rong Wen

Evaluation plays a crucial role in the advancement of information retrieval (IR) models. However, current benchmarks, which are based on predefined domains and human-labeled data, face limitations in addressing evaluation needs for emerging…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Jianlyu Chen , Nan Wang , Chaofan Li , Bo Wang , Shitao Xiao , Han Xiao , Hao Liao , Defu Lian , Zheng Liu

In the past few years, cross-modal image-text retrieval (ITR) has experienced increased interest in the research community due to its excellent research value and broad real-world application. It is designed for the scenarios where the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Min Cao , Shiping Li , Juntao Li , Liqiang Nie , Min Zhang

We study response selection for multi-turn conversation in retrieval-based chatbots. Existing work either concatenates utterances in context or matches a response with a highly abstract context vector finally, which may lose relationships…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-16 Yu Wu , Wei Wu , Chen Xing , Ming Zhou , Zhoujun Li

Natural language to SQL translation (Text-to-SQL) is one of the long-standing problems that has recently benefited from advances in Large Language Models (LLMs). While most academic Text-to-SQL benchmarks request schema description as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Rajpreet Singh , Novak Boškov , Lawrence Drabeck , Aditya Gudal , Manzoor A. Khan

In search systems, effectively coordinating the two core objectives of search relevance matching and click-through rate (CTR) prediction is crucial for discovering users' interests and enhancing platform revenue. In our prior work PRECTR,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Shuzhi Cao , Rong Chen , Ailong He , Shuguang Han , Jufeng Chen

Understanding high-resolution (HR) images remains a critical challenge for multimodal large language models (MLLMs). Recent approaches leverage vision-based retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to retrieve query-relevant crops from HR…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Fan Yang , Xingping Dong , Xin Yu , Wenhan Luo , Wei Liu , Kaihao Zhang

Research on conversational search has so far mostly focused on query rewriting and multi-stage passage retrieval. However, synthesizing the top retrieved passages into a complete, relevant, and concise response is still an open challenge.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Weronika Łajewska , Krisztian Balog

As a fundamental and challenging task in bridging language and vision domains, Image-Text Retrieval (ITR) aims at searching for the target instances that are semantically relevant to the given query from the other modality, and its key…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Yan Zhang , Zhong Ji , Di Wang , Yanwei Pang , Xuelong Li

Instruction-following text-to-speech (TTS) has emerged as an important capability for controllable and expressive speech generation, yet its evaluation remains underdeveloped due to limited benchmark coverage, weak diagnostic granularity,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Huakang Chen , Jingbin Hu , Liumeng Xue , Qirui Zhan , Wenhao Li , Guobin Ma , Hanke Xie , Dake Guo , Linhan Ma , Yuepeng Jiang , Bengu Wu , Pengyuan Xie , Chuan Xie , Qiang Zhang , Lei Xie

As interactive LLM-based applications are created and refined, model developers need to evaluate the quality of generated text along many possible axes. For simpler systems, human evaluation may be practical, but in complicated systems like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Zhenwei Tang , Zhaoyan Liu , Rasa Hosseinzadeh , Tongzi Wu , Keyvan Golestan , Jesse C. Cresswell

We present a new benchmark for evaluating Deep Search--a realistic and complex form of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) that requires source-aware, multi-hop reasoning over diverse, sparsed, but related sources. These include documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Prafulla Kumar Choubey , Xiangyu Peng , Shilpa Bhagavath , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) gain substantial reasoning and decision-making capabilities from thought structures. However, existing methods such as Tree of Thought and Retrieval Augmented Thoughts often fall short in complex tasks due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Jinghan Zhang , Xiting Wang , Weijieying Ren , Lu Jiang , Dongjie Wang , Kunpeng Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a framework in which a Generator, such as a Large Language Model (LLM), produces answers by retrieving documents from an external collection using a Retriever. In practice, Generators must integrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Koki Itai , Shunichi Hasegawa , Yuta Yamamoto , Gouki Minegishi , Masaki Otsuki

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems rely on retrieval models for identifying relevant contexts and answer generation models for utilizing those contexts. However, retrievers exhibit imperfect recall and precision, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jerry Huang , Siddarth Madala , Risham Sidhu , Cheng Niu , Hao Peng , Julia Hockenmaier , Tong Zhang

Transformers have a quadratic scaling of computational complexity with input size, which limits the input context window size of large language models (LLMs) in both training and inference. Meanwhile, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yimin Tang , Yurong Xu , Ning Yan , Masood Mortazavi

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems are showing promising potential, and are becoming increasingly relevant in AI-powered legal applications. Existing benchmarks, such as LegalBench, assess the generative capabilities of Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Nicholas Pipitone , Ghita Houir Alami

Workplace meetings are vital to organizational collaboration, yet a large percentage of meetings are rated as ineffective. To help improve meeting effectiveness by understanding if the conversation is on topic, we create a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Yaran Fan , Jamie Pool , Senja Filipi , Ross Cutler

Recently, Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has shifted focus to multi-retrieval approaches to tackle complex tasks such as multi-hop question answering. However, these systems struggle to decide when to stop searching once enough…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Gabriel Iturra-Bocaz , Petra Galuscakova