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Despite the impressive performance of LLMs, their widespread adoption faces challenges due to substantial computational and memory requirements during inference. Recent advancements in model compression and system-level optimization methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Arnav Chavan , Raghav Magazine , Shubham Kushwaha , Mérouane Debbah , Deepak Gupta

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices presents significant challenges due to computational constraints, memory limitations, inference speed, and energy consumption. Model quantization has emerged as a key technique to…

As large language models (LLMs) grow in size and deployment scale, quantization has become an essential technique for reducing memory footprint and improving inference efficiency. However, existing quantization toolkits often lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for natural language processing tasks, revolutionizing the field with their ability to understand and generate human-like text. As the demand for more sophisticated LLMs continues…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Christoforos Kachris

Large Language Model (LLM) inference uses an autoregressive manner to generate one token at a time, which exhibits notably lower operational intensity compared to earlier Machine Learning (ML) models such as encoder-only transformers and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yufeng Gu , Alireza Khadem , Sumanth Umesh , Ning Liang , Xavier Servot , Onur Mutlu , Ravi Iyer , Reetuparna Das

The advent of large language models (LLMs) revolutionized natural language processing applications, and running LLMs on edge devices has become increasingly attractive for reasons including reduced latency, data localization, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Jiajun Xu , Zhiyuan Li , Wei Chen , Qun Wang , Xin Gao , Qi Cai , Ziyuan Ling

While small language models (SLMs) show promises for mobile deployment, their real-world performance and applications on smartphones remains underexplored. We present SlimLM, a series of SLMs optimized for document assistance tasks on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Thang M. Pham , Phat T. Nguyen , Seunghyun Yoon , Viet Dac Lai , Franck Dernoncourt , Trung Bui

In recent times, the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has resulted in increasingly larger model size, posing challenges for inference on low-resource devices. Prior approaches have explored offloading to facilitate low-memory…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Xuanlei Zhao , Bin Jia , Haotian Zhou , Ziming Liu , Shenggan Cheng , Yang You

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on mobile devices increasingly relies on heterogeneous execution, yet no prior study has systematically characterized NPU effectiveness at the operator and pipeline level. We present the first…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Pu Li , Jiawen Qi , Qinyu Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional performance on a variety of natural language tasks. Yet, their capabilities for HTML understanding -- i.e., parsing the raw HTML of a webpage, with applications to automation of web-based…

Modern deployments of Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly require serving multiple models with diverse architectures, sizes, and specialization on shared, heterogeneous hardware. This setting introduces new challenges for resource…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Mert Yildiz , Pietro Spadaccino , Alexey Rolich , Francesca Cuomo , Andrea Baiocchi

The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly the Large Language Models (LLMs), have profoundly affected our daily work and communication forms. However, it is still a challenge to deploy LLMs on resource-constrained…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Mingqiang Huang , Ao Shen , Kai Li , Haoxiang Peng , Boyu Li , Yupeng Su , Hao Yu

We present EnergyLens, an end-to-end framework for energy-aware large language model (LLM) inference optimization. As LLMs scale, predicting and reducing their energy footprint has become critical for sustainability and datacenter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhiye Song , Kyungmi Lee , Eun Kyung Lee , Xin Zhang , Tamar Eilam , Anantha P. Chandrakasan

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) boasting billions of parameters have generated a significant demand for efficient deployment in inference workloads. The majority of existing approaches rely on temporal architectures that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Hongzheng Chen , Jiahao Zhang , Yixiao Du , Shaojie Xiang , Zichao Yue , Niansong Zhang , Yaohui Cai , Zhiru Zhang

On-device inference offers privacy, offline use, and instant response, but consumer hardware restricts large language models (LLMs) to low throughput and capability. To overcome this challenge, we present prima.cpp, a distributed on-device…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zonghang Li , Tao Li , Wenjiao Feng , Rongxing Xiao , Jianshu She , Hong Huang , Mohsen Guizani , Hongfang Yu , Qirong Ho , Wei Xiang , Steve Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved unprecedented success across various applications, but their substantial memory requirements pose significant challenges to current memory system designs, especially during inference. Our work…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zhongchun Zhou , Chengtao Lai , Wei Zhang

Large model inference is shifting from cloud to edge due to concerns about the privacy of user interaction data. However, edge devices often struggle with limited computing power, memory, and bandwidth, requiring collaboration across…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Zonghang Li , Wenjiao Feng , Mohsen Guizani , Hongfang Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen an impressive wave of advances recently, with models now excelling in a variety of tasks, such as mathematical reasoning and program synthesis. However, their potential to effectively use tools via API…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Shishir G. Patil , Tianjun Zhang , Xin Wang , Joseph E. Gonzalez

LLMs are increasingly used world-wide from daily tasks to agentic systems and data analytics, requiring significant GPU resources. LLM inference systems, however, are slow compared to database systems, and inference performance and…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Kyoungmin Kim , Jiacheng Li , Kijae Hong , Anastasia Ailamaki

Large Language Model (LLM) deployment is increasingly shifting to cost-efficient accelerators like Google's Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), prioritizing both performance and total cost of ownership (TCO). However, existing LLM inference…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jevin Jiang , Ying Chen , Blake A. Hechtman , Fenghui Zhang , Yarong Mu
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