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We study the derivative-free global optimization algorithm Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO), establishing uniform-in-time propagation of chaos as well as an almost uniform-in-time stability result for the microscopic particle system.…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Nicolai Gerber , Franca Hoffmann , Dohyeon Kim , Urbain Vaes

We study the uniform-in-time weak propagation of chaos for the consensus-based optimization (CBO) method on a bounded searching domain. We apply the methodology for studying long-time behaviors of interacting particle systems developed in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-04 Erhan Bayraktar , Ibrahim Ekren , Hongyi Zhou

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a versatile multi-particle metaheuristic optimization method suitable for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. It has proven effective in various applications…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Massimo Fornasier , Peter Richtárik , Konstantin Riedl , Lukang Sun

We introduce a modified Consensus-Based Optimization model that admits a fully unified and rigorous analysis of its finite-particle dynamics, the associated McKean--Vlasov equation, and their optimization behavior under a single set of…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Young-Pil Choi , Seungchan Lee , Sihyun Song

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization algorithm that has proven to be capable of globally minimizing nonconvex nonsmooth functions across a diverse range of applications while being…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-12 Sabrina Bonandin , Konstantin Riedl , Sara Veneruso

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a powerful and versatile zero-order multi-particle method designed to provably solve high-dimensional global optimization problems, including those that are genuinely nonconvex or nonsmooth. The method…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Massimo Fornasier , Hui Huang , Jona Klemenc , Greta Malaspina

We analyze a zeroth-order particle algorithm for the global optimization of a non-convex function, focusing on a variant of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) with small but fixed noise intensity. Unlike most previous studies restricted to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Pascal Bianchi , Radu-Alexandru Dragomir , Victor Priser

In this paper, we study consensus-based optimization (CBO), which is a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization method that can globally minimize nonconvex nonsmooth functions and is amenable to theoretical analysis. Based on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-10 Massimo Fornasier , Timo Klock , Konstantin Riedl

We study the finite-agent behavior of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO), a recent metaheuristic for the global minimization of a function, that combines drift toward a consensus estimate with stochastic exploration. While previous analyses…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-23 Simone Göttlich , Jacob Heieck , Andreas Neuenkirch

We study the long time behavior of second order particle systems interacting through global Lipschitz kernels. Combining hypocoercivity method in [37] and relative entropy method in [25], we are able to overcome the degeneracy of diffusion…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-09-05 Yun Gong , Zhenfu Wang , Pengzhi Xie

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a class of metaheuristic algorithms designed for global optimization problems. In the many-particle limit, classical CBO dynamics can be rigorously connected to mean-field equations that ensure…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-11 Jonathan Franceschi , Lorenzo Pareschi , Mattia Zanella

In this work we extend the class of Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) metaheuristic methods by considering memory effects and a random selection strategy. The proposed algorithm iteratively updates a population of particles according to a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-16 Giacomo Borghi , Sara Grassi , Lorenzo Pareschi

A novel multiscale consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm for solving bi- and tri-level optimization problems is introduced. Existing CBO techniques are generalized by the proposed method through the employment of multiple interacting…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-23 Michael Herty , Yuyang Huang , Dante Kalise , Hicham Kouhkouh

We establish a uniform-in-time estimate for the mean-field convergence of the Consensus-Based Optimization (CBO) algorithm by rescaling the consensus point in the dynamics with a small parameter $\kappa \in (0,1)$. This uniform-in-time…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Hui Huang , Hicham Kouhkouh

In this paper we propose a variant of a consensus-based global optimization (CBO) method that uses personal best information in order to compute the global minimum of a non-convex, locally Lipschitz continuous function. The proposed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-25 Claudia Totzeck , Marie-Therese Wolfram

This paper presents an elementary proof of quantitative uniform-in-time propagation of chaos for the Cucker--Smale model under sufficiently strong interaction. The idea is to combine existing finite-time propagation of chaos estimates with…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-11-03 Nicolai Jurek Gerber , Urbain Vaes

We present stochastic consensus and convergence of the discrete consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm with random batch interactions and heterogeneous external noises. Despite the wide applications and successful performance in many…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-02 Dongnam Ko , Seung-Yeal Ha , Shi Jin , Doheon Kim

Based on a coupling approach, we prove uniform in time propagation of chaos for weakly interacting mean-field particle systems with possibly non-convex confinement and interaction potentials. The approach is based on a combination of…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-05-30 Alain Durmus , Andreas Eberle , Arnaud Guillin , Raphael Zimmer

Lately, a novel swarm intelligence model, namely the consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm, was introduced to deal with the global optimization problems. Limited by the conditions of Ito's formula, the convergence analysis of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Jiazhen Wei , Wei Bian

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a versatile multi-particle optimization method for performing nonconvex and nonsmooth global optimizations in high dimensions. Proofs of global convergence in probability have been achieved for a broad…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Jonas Beddrich , Enis Chenchene , Massimo Fornasier , Hui Huang , Barbara Wohlmuth
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