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Meeting the rise of industry demand to incorporate machine learning (ML) components into software systems requires interdisciplinary teams contributing to a shared code base. To maintain consistency, reduce defects and ensure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Jai Kannan , Scott Barnett , Luís Cruz , Anj Simmons , Akash Agarwal

A smell in software source code denotes an indication of suboptimal design and implementation decisions, potentially hindering the code understanding and, in turn, raising the likelihood of being prone to changes and faults. Identifying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Anh Ho , Anh M. T. Bui , Phuong T. Nguyen , Amleto Di Salle , Bach Le

Mobile apps have become essential of our daily lives, making code quality a critical concern for developers. Behavioural code smells are characteristics in the source code that induce inappropriate code behaviour during execution, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Houcine Abdelkader Cherief , Florent Avellaneda , Naouel Moha

Architectural code smells erode software maintainability and are costly to repair manually, yet unlike localized bugs, they require cross-module reasoning about design intent that challenges both developers and automated tools. While large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ion George Dinu , Marian Cristian Mihăescu , Traian Rebedea

Machine learning (ML) has rapidly grown in popularity, becoming vital to many industries. Currently, the research on code smells in ML applications lacks tools and studies that address the identification and validity of ML-specific code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Peter Hamfelt , Ricardo Britto , Lincoln Rocha , Camilo Almendra

As Deep learning (DL) systems continuously evolve and grow, assuring their quality becomes an important yet challenging task. Compared to non-DL systems, DL systems have more complex team compositions and heavier data dependency. These…

Angular is one of the most widely adopted frameworks for developing large-scale, dynamic web applications. As projects increase in scope and complexity, developers face growing challenges in managing architecture and maintaining clean,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Maykon Nunes , Emanuel Coutinho , Carla Bezerra , Ivan Machado

The Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in code-related tasks. However, most research focuses on improving the output quality of LLMs (e.g., correctness), and less attention has been paid to the LLM input (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhipeng Xue , Xiaoting Zhang , Zhipeng Gao , Xing Hu , Shan Gao , Xin Xia , Shanping Li

Test smells are defined as sub-optimal design choices developers make when implementing test cases. Hence, similar to code smells, the research community has produced numerous test smell detection tools to investigate the impact of test…

Code smells are characteristics of the software that indicates a code or design problem which can make software hard to understand, evolve, and maintain. The code smell detection tools proposed in the literature produce different results,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-11 Thirupathi Guggulothu

Machine learning (ML) codebases face unprecedented challenges in maintaining code quality and sustainability as their complexity grows exponentially. While traditional code smell detection tools exist, they fail to address ML-specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Karthik Shivashankar , Antonio Martini

The rapid adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly realised through Machine Learning (ML) pipelines that integrate data preprocessing, model training, evaluation scripts, and configuration-heavy experimentation code. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Brahim Mahmoudi , Naouel Moha , Quentin Stiévenart , Florent Avellaneda

Object-oriented code smells are well-known concepts in software engineering that refer to bad design and development practices commonly observed in software systems. With the emergence of mobile apps, new classes of code smells have been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Sarra Habchi , Naouel Moha , Romain Rouvoy

Code smells and software vulnerabilities both increase maintenance cost, yet they are often handled by separate tools that miss structural context and produce noisy warnings. This paper presents The Code Whisperer, a hybrid framework that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Mohammad Baqar , Raji Rustamov , Alexander Hughes

Microservices have become a mainstream architectural paradigm, yet microservice bad smells can significantly harm maintainability and performance. Existing detection tools often produce obscure outputs and lack effective integration with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yongchao Xing , Weipan Yang , Yiming Lv , Dianhui Chu , Zhiying Tu

Machine Learning (ML) projects incur novel challenges in their development and productionisation over traditional software applications, though established principles and best practices in ensuring the project's software quality still…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Bart van Oort , Luís Cruz , Babak Loni , Arie van Deursen

Eradication of code smells is often pointed out as a way to improve readability, extensibility and design in existing software. However, code smell detection in large systems remains time consuming and error-prone, partly due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-05-01 Tiago Pessoa , Fernando Brito e Abreu , Miguel Pessoa Monteiro , Sergio Bryton

Code review that detects and locates defects and other quality issues plays an important role in software quality control. One type of issue that may impact the quality of software is code smells. Yet, little is known about the extent to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Xiaofeng Han , Amjed Tahir , Peng Liang , Steve Counsell , Kelly Blincoe , Bing Li , Yajing Luo

Context: A substantial amount of work has been done to detect smells in source code using metrics-based and heuristics-based methods. Machine learning methods have been recently applied to detect source code smells; however, the current…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Tushar Sharma , Vasiliki Efstathiou , Panos Louridas , Diomidis Spinellis

Automated deployment and management of Cloud applications relies on descriptions of their deployment topologies, often referred to as Infrastructure Code. As the complexity of applications and their deployment models increases, developers…

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