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Verification is one of the central tasks in circuit and system design. While simulation and emulation are widely used, complete correctness can only be ensured based on formal proof techniques. But these approaches often have very high run…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Rolf Drechsler

This paper proposes a natural language translation method for machine-verifiable formal proofs that leverages the informalization (verbalization of formal language proof steps) and summarization capabilities of LLMs. For evaluation, it was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Seiji Hattori , Takuya Matsuzaki , Makoto Fujiwara

Formalizing mathematical proofs using computerized verification languages like Lean 4 has the potential to significantly impact the field of mathematics, it offers prominent capabilities for advancing mathematical reasoning. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Xichen Tang

We present FormalProofBench, a private benchmark designed to evaluate whether AI models can produce formally verified mathematical proofs at the graduate level. Each task pairs a natural-language problem with a Lean~4 formal statement, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Nikil Ravi , Kexing Ying , Vasilii Nesterov , Rayan Krishnan , Elif Uskuplu , Bingyu Xia , Janitha Aswedige , Langston Nashold

Artificial intelligence assisted mathematical proof has become a highly focused area nowadays. One key problem in this field is to generate formal mathematical proofs from natural language proofs. Due to historical reasons, the formal proof…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Lihan Xie , Zhicheng Hui , Qinxiang Cao

The research in AI-based formal mathematical reasoning has shown an unstoppable growth trend. These studies have excelled in mathematical competitions like IMO and have made significant progress. This paper focuses on formal verification,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jialun Cao , Yaojie Lu , Meiziniu Li , Haoyang Ma , Haokun Li , Mengda He , Cheng Wen , Le Sun , Hongyu Zhang , Shengchao Qin , Shing-Chi Cheung , Cong Tian

Autoformalization has emerged as a term referring to the automation of formalization - specifically, the formalization of mathematics using interactive theorem provers (proof assistants). Its rapid development has been driven by progress in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Agnieszka Mensfelt , David Tena Cucala , Santiago Franco , Angeliki Koutsoukou-Argyraki , Vince Trencsenyi , Kostas Stathis

Autoformalization, the process of translating informal statements into formal logic, has gained renewed interest with the emergence of powerful Large Language Models (LLMs). While LLMs show promise in generating structured outputs from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mihir Gupte , Ramesh S

Autoformalization, the conversion of natural language mathematics into formal languages, offers significant potential for advancing mathematical reasoning. However, existing efforts are limited to formal languages with substantial online…

Large Language Models (LLMs) show remarkable capabilities, yet their stochastic next-token prediction creates logical inconsistencies and reward hacking that formal symbolic systems avoid. To bridge this gap, we introduce a formal logic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chuxue Cao , Jinluan Yang , Haoran Li , Kunhao Pan , Zijian Zhao , Zhengyu Chen , Yuchen Tian , Lijun Wu , Conghui He , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Autoformalization is the process of automatically translating from natural language mathematics to formal specifications and proofs. A successful autoformalization system could advance the fields of formal verification, program synthesis,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Yuhuai Wu , Albert Q. Jiang , Wenda Li , Markus N. Rabe , Charles Staats , Mateja Jamnik , Christian Szegedy

Formal specifications, such as pre- and post-conditions provide a solid basis for performing thorough program verification. However, developers rarely provide such formal specifications, hence if AI could help in constructing them, it would…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-19 I. S. W. B. Prasetya , Fitsum Kifetew , Davide Prandi

Interactive theorem provers (ITPs) are powerful tools for the formal verification of mathematical proofs down to the axiom level. However, their lack of a natural language interface remains a significant limitation. Recent advancements in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Xiaolin Hu , Qinghua Zhou , Bogdan Grechuk , Ivan Y. Tyukin

Formal mathematical reasoning remains a critical challenge for artificial intelligence, hindered by limitations of existing benchmarks in scope and scale. To address this, we present FormalMATH, a large-scale Lean4 benchmark comprising…

As artificial intelligence (AI) gains greater adoption in a wide variety of applications, it has immense potential to contribute to mathematical discovery, by guiding conjecture generation, constructing counterexamples, assisting in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Hassen Saidi , Susmit Jha , Tuhin Sahai

Autoformalization, the process of transforming informal mathematical language into formal specifications and proofs remains a difficult task for state-of-the-art (large) language models. Existing works point to competing explanations for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Willy Chan , Michael Souliman , Jakob Nordhagen , Brando Miranda , Elyas Obbad , Kai Fronsdal Sanmi Koyejo

Interactive proof assistants are computer programs carefully constructed to check a human-designed proof of a mathematical claim with high confidence in the implementation. However, this only validates truth of a formal claim, which may…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Colin S. Gordon , Sergey Matskevich

Autoformalization, the process of transforming informal mathematical propositions into verifiable formal representations, is a foundational task in automated theorem proving, offering a new perspective on the use of mathematics in both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ke Weng , Lun Du , Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Haozhe Sun , Hengyu Liu , Tiancheng Zhang

Verifying mathematical proofs is difficult, but can be automated with the assistance of a computer. Autoformalization is the task of automatically translating natural language mathematics into a formal language that can be verified by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Nilay Patel , Rahul Saha , Jeffrey Flanigan

Software correctness is ensured mathematically through formal verification, which involves the resources of generating formal requirement specifications and having an implementation that must be verified. Tools such as model-checkers and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Arshad Beg , Diarmuid O'Donoghue , Rosemary Monahan
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