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Creating reinforcement learning (RL) agents that are capable of accepting and leveraging task-specific knowledge from humans has been long identified as a possible strategy for developing scalable approaches for solving long-horizon…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Lin Guan , Sarath Sreedharan , Subbarao Kambhampati

Reinforcement learning can train policies that effectively perform complex tasks. However for long-horizon tasks, the performance of these methods degrades with horizon, often necessitating reasoning over and chaining lower-level skills.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Dhruv Shah , Peng Xu , Yao Lu , Ted Xiao , Alexander Toshev , Sergey Levine , Brian Ichter

While reinforcement learning has achieved considerable successes in recent years, state-of-the-art models are often still limited by the size of state and action spaces. Model-free reinforcement learning approaches use some form of state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Paul J. Pritz , Liang Ma , Kin K. Leung

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are increasingly used to simulate sophisticated cyberattacks, but their decision-making processes remain opaque, hindering trust, debugging, and defensive preparedness. In high-stakes cybersecurity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Diksha Goel , Kristen Moore , Jeff Wang , Minjune Kim , Thanh Thi Nguyen

Nowadays, model-free reinforcement learning algorithms have achieved remarkable performance on many decision making and control tasks, but high sample complexity and low sample efficiency still hinder the wide use of model-free…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Jingbin Liu , Xinyang Gu , Shuai Liu

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has shown impressive results in a variety of domains, learning directly from high-dimensional sensory streams. However, when neural networks are trained in a fixed environment, such as a single level in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Niels Justesen , Ruben Rodriguez Torrado , Philip Bontrager , Ahmed Khalifa , Julian Togelius , Sebastian Risi

In applications of offline reinforcement learning to observational data, such as in healthcare or education, a general concern is that observed actions might be affected by unobserved factors, inducing confounding and biasing estimates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Andrew Bennett , Nathan Kallus

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalisation is considered a hallmark of human and animal intelligence. To achieve OOD through composition, a system must discover the environment-invariant properties of experienced input-output mappings and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 George Dimitriadis , Spyridon Samothrakis

Machine learning models, while progressively advanced, rely heavily on the IID assumption, which is often unfulfilled in practice due to inevitable distribution shifts. This renders them susceptible and untrustworthy for deployment in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Han Yu , Jiashuo Liu , Xingxuan Zhang , Jiayun Wu , Peng Cui

Reinforcement learning agents must generalize beyond their training experience. Prior work has focused mostly on identical training and evaluation environments. Starting from the recently introduced Crafter benchmark, a 2D open world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Aleksandar Stanić , Yujin Tang , David Ha , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Episodic training, where an agent's environment is reset after every success or failure, is the de facto standard when training embodied reinforcement learning (RL) agents. The underlying assumption that the environment can be easily reset…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Zichen Zhang , Luca Weihs

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) is devoted to the creation of artificial decision-makers that can perform (at least) on par with the human counterparts on a domain of interest. Unlike the agents in traditional AI, the agents in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Sultan J. Majeed

With the increasing need for handling large state and action spaces, general function approximation has become a key technique in reinforcement learning (RL). In this paper, we propose a general framework that unifies model-based and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Zixiang Chen , Chris Junchi Li , Angela Yuan , Quanquan Gu , Michael I. Jordan

We consider a reinforcement learning setting introduced in (Maillard et al., NIPS 2011) where the learner does not have explicit access to the states of the underlying Markov decision process (MDP). Instead, she has access to several models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-09-16 Ronald Ortner , Odalric-Ambrym Maillard , Daniil Ryabko

In this paper, we are interested in systems with multiple agents that wish to collaborate in order to accomplish a common task while a) agents have different information (decentralized information) and b) agents do not know the model of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-04 Jalal Arabneydi , Aditya Mahajan

Out-of-distribution (O.O.D.) generalization remains to be a key challenge for real-world machine learning systems. We describe a method for O.O.D. generalization that, through training, encourages models to only preserve features in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Arjun Ashok , Chaitanya Devaguptapu , Vineeth Balasubramanian

Building generalizable goal-conditioned agents from rich observations is a key to reinforcement learning (RL) solving real world problems. Traditionally in goal-conditioned RL, an agent is provided with the exact goal they intend to reach.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Philippe Hansen-Estruch , Amy Zhang , Ashvin Nair , Patrick Yin , Sergey Levine

We address the problem of building agents whose goal is to learn to execute out-of distribution (OOD) multi-task instructions expressed in temporal logic (TL) by using deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Recent works provided evidence that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Borja G. León , Murray Shanahan , Francesco Belardinelli

We study reinforcement learning with function approximation for large-scale Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) where the state space and observation space are large or even continuous. Particularly, we consider Hilbert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Masatoshi Uehara , Ayush Sekhari , Jason D. Lee , Nathan Kallus , Wen Sun

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna