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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances the factual accuracy of large language models (LLMs) by conditioning outputs on external knowledge sources. However, when retrieval involves private or sensitive data, RAG systems are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Haoran Wang , Xiongxiao Xu , Baixiang Huang , Kai Shu

With the recent remarkable advancement of large language models (LLMs), there has been a growing interest in utilizing them in the domains with highly sensitive data that lies outside their training data. For this purpose,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Tatsuki Koga , Ruihan Wu , Zhiyuan Zhang , Kamalika Chaudhuri

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and agentic AI systems are increasingly prevalent in enterprise AI deployments. However, real enterprise environments introduce challenges largely absent from academic treatments and consumer-facing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Francisco Javier Arceo , Varsha Prasad Narsing

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models by integrating external knowledge, but reliance on proprietary or sensitive corpora poses various data risks, including privacy leakage and unauthorized data usage.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hao Li , Jiajun He , Guangshuo Wang , Dengguo Feng , Zheng Li , Min Zhang

Hybrid Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines combine vector similarity search with knowledge graph expansion for multi-hop reasoning. We show that this composition introduces a distinct security failure mode: a vector-retrieved…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Scott Thornton

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by retrieving documents from an external corpus at inference time. When this corpus contains sensitive information, however, unprotected RAG systems are at risk of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Ruihan Wu , Erchi Wang , Zhiyuan Zhang , Yu-Xiang Wang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as the dominant technique to provide \emph{Large Language Models} (LLM) with fresh and relevant context, mitigating the risk of hallucinations and improving the overall quality of responses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Nicolas Grislain

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) significantly mitigates the hallucinations and domain knowledge deficiency in large language models by incorporating external knowledge bases. However, the multi-module architecture of RAG introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yanming Mu , Hao Hu , Feiyang Li , Qiao Yuan , Jiang Wu , Zichuan Liu , Pengcheng Liu , Mei Wang , Hongwei Zhou , Yuling Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems introduce a critical vulnerability: contextual leakage, where adversaries exploit instruction-following to exfiltrate Personally Identifiable Information (PII) via adaptive extraction. Current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jin Xie , Songze Li , Guang Cheng

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) improves the service quality of large language models by retrieving relevant documents from credible literature and integrating them into the context of the user query. Recently, the rise of the cloud…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yihang Cheng , Lan Zhang , Junyang Wang , Mu Yuan , Yunhao Yao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a widely used framework for reducing hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) on domain-specific tasks by retrieving relevant documents from a database to support accurate responses. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Tingting Tang , James Flemings , Yongqin Wang , Murali Annavaram

Achieving differential privacy (DP) guarantees in fully decentralized machine learning is challenging due to the absence of a central aggregator and varying trust assumptions among nodes. We present a framework for DP analysis of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Antti Koskela , Tejas Kulkarni

The widespread adoption of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in real-world applications has heightened concerns about the confidentiality and integrity of their proprietary knowledge bases. These knowledge bases, which play a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Pengcheng Zhou , Yinglun Feng , Zhongliang Yang

Individual privacy accounting enables bounding differential privacy (DP) loss individually for each participant involved in the analysis. This can be informative as often the individual privacy losses are considerably smaller than those…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Antti Koskela , Marlon Tobaben , Antti Honkela

Differential Privacy (DP) is widely adopted in data management systems to enable data sharing with formal disclosure guarantees. A central systems challenge is understanding how DP noise translates into effective protection against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Patricia Guerra-Balboa , Annika Sauer , Héber H. Arcolezi , Thorsten Strufe

We present a novel method for accurately auditing the differential privacy (DP) guarantees of DP mechanisms. In particular, our solution is applicable to auditing DP guarantees of machine learning (ML) models. Previous auditing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Antti Koskela , Jafar Mohammadi

RAG has emerged as a key technique for enhancing response quality of LLMs without high computational cost. In traditional architectures, RAG services are provided by a single entity that hosts the dataset within a trusted local environment.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Huanyi Ye , Jiale Guo , Ziyao Liu , Kwok-Yan Lam

Differential privacy via output perturbation has been a de facto standard for releasing query or computation results on sensitive data. However, we identify that all existing Gaussian mechanisms suffer from the curse of full-rank covariance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Tianxi Ji , Pan Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers LLMs with external knowledge, making cross-institutional domain-specific knowledge base integration a highly promising deployment paradigm. Despite this potential, strict privacy regulations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Chenxin Mao , Shangyu Liu , Zhenzhe Zheng , Fan Wu , Jie Wu , Guihai Chen

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a state-of-the-art technique that mitigates issues such as hallucinations and knowledge staleness in Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant knowledge from an external database to assist…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Yuying Li , Gaoyang Liu , Chen Wang , Yang Yang
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