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Adaptive optimizers such as Adam have achieved great success in training large-scale models like large language models and diffusion models. However, they often generalize worse than non-adaptive methods, such as SGD on classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yiheng Zhang , Shaowu Wu , Yuanzhuo Xu , Jiajun Wu , Shang Xu , Steve Drew , Xiaoguang Niu

We design Local LMO - a new projection-free gradient-type method for constrained optimization. The key algorithmic idea is to replace the global linear minimization oracle over the constraint set used by Frank-Wolfe (FW) with a local linear…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Peter Richtárik , Kaja Gruntkowska , Hanmin Li

Recently, the Muon optimizer based on matrix orthogonalization has demonstrated strong results in training small-scale language models, but the scalability to larger models has not been proven. We identify two crucial techniques for scaling…

The choice of optimizer significantly impacts the training efficiency and computational costs of large language models (LLMs). Recently, the Muon optimizer has demonstrated promising results by orthogonalizing parameter updates, improving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zichong Li , Liming Liu , Chen Liang , Weizhu Chen , Tuo Zhao

While large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, the hardware and computational costs for training LLMs are also significantly burdensome. Among the state-of-the-art optimizers, AdamW…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yufei Gu , Zeke Xie

This work presents a novel, fully Riemannian framework for Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) that geometrically treats low-rank adapters by optimizing them directly on the fixed-rank manifold. This formulation eliminates the parametrization…

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) is essential for adapting pre-trained models to downstream tasks. Yet traditional first-order optimizers such as Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Adam incur prohibitive memory and computational…

Adaptive optimizers such as Adam have achieved great success in training large-scale models like large language models and diffusion models. However, they often generalize worse than non-adaptive methods, such as SGD on classical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Yiheng Zhang , Kaiyan Zhao , Shaowu Wu , Yiming Wang , Jiajun Wu , Leong Hou U , Steve Drew , Xiaoguang Niu

Training large models with distributed data parallelism (DDP) requires frequent communication of gradients across workers, which can saturate bandwidth. Infrequent communication strategies (e.g., Local SGD) reduce this overhead but, when…

Physics-informed neural networks and neural operators often suffer from severe optimization difficulties caused by ill-conditioned gradients, multi-scale spectral behavior, and stiffness induced by physical constraints. Recently, the Muon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Binghang Lu , Jiahao Zhang , Guang Lin

Recent empirical research has demonstrated that deep learning optimizers based on the linear minimization oracle (LMO) over specifically chosen Non-Euclidean norm balls, such as Muon and Scion, outperform Adam-type methods in the training…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-19 Xun Qian , Hussein Rammal , Dmitry Kovalev , Peter Richtárik

Recent optimizers like Muon, Scion, and Gluon have pushed the frontier of large-scale deep learning by exploiting layer-wise linear minimization oracles (LMOs) over non-Euclidean norm balls, capturing neural network structure in ways…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Kaja Gruntkowska , Alexander Gaponov , Zhirayr Tovmasyan , Peter Richtárik

Scaling large models requires optimization strategies that ensure rapid convergence grounded in stability. Maximal Update Parametrization ($\boldsymbol{\mu}$P) provides a theoretical safeguard for width-invariant $\Theta(1)$ activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Tian Xie , Haoming Luo , Haoyu Tang , Yiwen Hu , Jason Klein Liu , Qingnan Ren , Yang Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Rui Yan , Bing Su , Chong Luo , Baining Guo

Automatically tuning software configuration for optimizing a single performance attribute (e.g., minimizing latency) is not trivial, due to the nature of the configuration systems (e.g., complex landscape and expensive measurement). To deal…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Tao Chen , Miqing Li

The Muon optimizer has received considerable attention for its strong performance in training large language models, yet the design principle behind its matrix-gradient orthogonalization remains largely elusive. In this paper, we introduce…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-03 Zhehang Du , Weijie Su

Muon and related norm-constrained matrix optimizers have become central to large-scale learning problems. They are formulated as a linear maximization oracle (LMO) over an ambient matrix-norm ball in unconstrained Euclidean space. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yibang Li , Bihari Lal Pandey , Ravi Sah , Andi Han , Cyrus Mostajeran , Pratik Jawanpuria , Bamdev Mishra

Preconditioned adaptive methods have gained significant attention for training deep neural networks, as they capture rich curvature information of the loss landscape. The central challenge in this field lies in balancing preconditioning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shenyang Deng , Zhuoli Ouyang , Tianyu Pang , Zihang Liu , Ruochen Jin , Shuhua Yu , Yaoqing Yang

Matrix-structured parameters frequently appear in many artificial intelligence models such as large language models. More recently, an efficient Muon optimizer is designed for matrix parameters of large-scale models, and shows markedly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Feihu Huang , Yuning Luo , Songcan Chen

The Muon optimizer has recently offered a promising alternative to AdamW for large language model training, leveraging matrix orthogonalization to produce geometry-aware updates. However, like all first-order methods, Muon can become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Jiacheng Li , Jianchao Tan , Hongtao Xu , Jiaqi Zhang , Yifan Lu , Yerui Sun , Yuchen Xie , Xunliang Cai

Training large-scale neural networks requires solving nonconvex optimization where the choice of optimizer fundamentally determines both convergence behavior and computational efficiency. While adaptive methods like Adam have long dominated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Chenrui Xu , Wenjing Yan , Ying-Jun Angela Zhang