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In digital pathology, whole-slide images (WSIs) are often difficult to handle due to their gigapixel scale, so most approaches train patch encoders via self-supervised learning (SSL) and then aggregate the patch-level embeddings via…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Myeongjang Pyeon , Janghyeon Lee , Minsoo Lee , Juseung Yun , Hwanil Choi , Jonghyun Kim , Jiwon Kim , Yi Hu , Jongseong Jang , Soonyoung Lee

Recent advances in whole slide imaging (WSI) technology have led to the development of a myriad of computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) based diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive algorithms. Computational Pathology (CPath)…

Interpreting machine learning model decisions is crucial for high-risk applications like healthcare. In digital pathology, large whole slide images (WSIs) are decomposed into smaller tiles and tile-derived features are processed by…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-03 Tomé Albuquerque , Anil Yüce , Markus D. Herrmann , Alvaro Gomariz

Whole slide image (WSI) classification requires repetitive zoom-in and out for pathologists, as only small portions of the slide may be relevant to detecting cancer. Due to the lack of patch-level labels, multiple instance learning (MIL) is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Seongho Keum , Sanghyun Kim , Soojeong Lee , Juho Lee

The deep neural network is a research hotspot for histopathological image analysis, which can improve the efficiency and accuracy of diagnosis for pathologists or be used for disease screening. The whole slide pathological image can reach…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-09 Tingting Zheng , Weixing chen , Shuqin Li , Hao Quan , Qun Bai , Tianhang Nan , Song Zheng , Xinghua Gao , Yue Zhao , Xiaoyu Cui

Digital gigapixel whole slide image (WSI) is widely used in clinical diagnosis, and automated WSI analysis is key for computer-aided diagnosis. Currently, analyzing the integrated descriptor of probabilities or feature maps from massive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Ziquan Wei , Shenghua Cheng , Junbo Hu , Li Chen , Shaoqun Zeng , Xiuli Liu

The difficulty of processing gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs) in clinical microscopy has been a long-standing barrier to implementing computer aided diagnostic systems. Since modern computing resources are unable to perform computations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Sam Maksoud , Kun Zhao , Peter Hobson , Anthony Jennings , Brian Lovell

Due to its superior efficiency in utilizing annotations and addressing gigapixel-sized images, multiple instance learning (MIL) has shown great promise as a framework for whole slide image (WSI) classification in digital pathology…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-07-14 Qiehe Sun , Jiawen Li , Jin Xu , Junru Cheng , Tian Guan , Yonghong He

Since the emergence of the ImageNet dataset, the pretraining and fine-tuning approach has become widely adopted in computer vision due to the ability of ImageNet-pretrained models to learn a wide variety of visual features. However, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Pablo Meseguer , Rocío del Amor , Adrian Colomer , Valery Naranjo

Cancer subtyping is one of the most challenging tasks in digital pathology, where Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) by processing gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs) has been in the spotlight of recent research. However, MIL approaches do…

Due to the lack of fine-grained annotation guidance, current Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) struggles to establish a robust causal relationship between Whole Slide Image (WSI) diagnosis and evidence sub-images, just like fully supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Yong Ding , Hao Quan , Deliang Li , Lisha Li , Guanghong Zhao , Xiaoyu Cui

Advances in medical imaging and deep learning have propelled progress in whole slide image (WSI) analysis, with multiple instance learning (MIL) showing promise for efficient and accurate diagnostics. However, conventional MIL models often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Xianrui Li , Yufei Cui , Jun Li , Antoni B. Chan

Considering the profound transformation affecting pathology practice, we aimed to develop a scalable artificial intelligence (AI) system to diagnose colorectal cancer from whole-slide images (WSI). For this, we propose a deep learning (DL)…

In-context learning (ICL) enables medical image segmentation models to adapt to new anatomical structures from limited examples, reducing the clinical annotation burden. However, standard ICL methods typically rely on dense, global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-23 T. Camaret Ndir , Marco Reisert , Robin T. Schirrmeister

The cancer prognosis on gigapixel Whole-Slide Images (WSIs) has always been a challenging task. To further enhance WSI visual representations, existing methods have explored image pyramids, instead of single-resolution images, in WSIs. In…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-15 Pei Liu , Bo Fu , Feng Ye , Rui Yang , Bin Xu , Luping Ji

Whole slide image (WSI) analysis presents significant computational challenges due to the massive number of patches in gigapixel images. While transformer architectures excel at modeling long-range correlations through self-attention, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhengrui Guo , Qichen Sun , Jiabo Ma , Lishuang Feng , Jinzhuo Wang , Hao Chen

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a powerful approach to classify whole slide images (WSIs) for diagnostic pathology. A fundamental challenge of MIL on WSI classification is to discover the \textit{critical instances} that trigger the bag…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Zhikang Wang , Yue Bi , Tong Pan , Xiaoyu Wang , Chris Bain , Richard Bassed , Seiya Imoto , Jianhua Yao , Jiangning Song

Whole-slide image visual question answering (WSI-VQA) frames pathology as an extreme-context search problem: to answer a free-form clinical query, a system must first navigate a gigapixel slide under a strict inspection budget to locate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Chunze Yang , Qidong Liu , Wenjie Zhao , Yue Tang , Jiusong Ge , Di Zhang , Jiashuai Liu , Lei Wu , Junbo Lu , Ni Zhang , Xian Wu , Zeyu Gao , Chen Li

In this paper, we address domain shifts in pathological images by focusing on shifts within whole slide images~(WSIs), such as patient characteristics and tissue thickness, rather than shifts between hospitals. Traditional approaches rely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yuki Shigeyasu , Shota Harada , Akihiko Yoshizawa , Kazuhiro Terada , Naoki Nakazima , Mariyo Kurata , Hiroyuki Abe , Tetsuo Ushiku , Ryoma Bise

Recent advances in computational pathology have led to the emergence of numerous foundation models. These models typically rely on general-purpose encoders with multi-instance learning for whole slide image (WSI) classification or apply…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yuxuan Sun , Yixuan Si , Chenglu Zhu , Kai Zhang , Zhongyi Shui , Bowen Ding , Tao Lin , Lin Yang