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On-policy distillation (OPD) and on-policy self-distillation (OPSD) have emerged as promising post-training methods for large language models, offering dense token-level supervision on trajectories sampled from the model's own policy.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Siqi Zhu , Xuyan Ye , Hongyu Lu , Weiye Shi , Ge Liu

As a key component of large language model (LLM) post-training, Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has substantially improved reasoning performance. However, existing RLVR algorithms exhibit distinct stability issues:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Kun Yang , Zikang chen , Yanmeng Wang , Zhigen Li , Ning Cheng , Shaojun Wang , Jing Xiao

Recent studies have shown that reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) enhances overall accuracy (pass@1) but often fails to improve capability (pass@k) of LLMs in reasoning tasks, while distillation can improve both. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Minwu Kim , Anubhav Shrestha , Safal Shrestha , Aadim Nepal , Keith Ross

On-policy distillation (OPD) trains a student on its own rollouts with token-level teacher supervision. Recent selective OPD methods exploit the non-uniformity of OPD signals by prioritizing high-entropy or high-disagreement tokens. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuanyi Wang , Su Lu , Yanggan Gu , Pengkai Wang , Yifan Yang , Zhaoyi Yan , Congkai Xie , Jianmin Wu , Hongxia Yang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated that reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) can significantly enhance reasoning abilities by directly optimizing correctness, rather than relying solely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Minbin Huang , Runhui Huang , Chuanyang Zheng , Jingyao Li , Guoxuan Chen , Han Shi , Hong Cheng

Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods, exemplified by Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) and its variants, play a central role in developing reasoning models. However, these methods often suffer from a critical overconfidence issue,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Haotian Liu , Shuo Wang , Hongteng Xu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful framework for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, most existing RL approaches rely on sparse outcome rewards, which fail to credit correct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Haolin Liu , Dian Yu , Sidi Lu , Yujun Zhou , Rui Liu , Zhenwen Liang , Haitao Mi , Chen-Yu Wei , Dong Yu

Reasoning models think out loud, but much of what they say is noise. We introduce CRISP (Compressed Reasoning via Iterative Self-Policy Distillation), a method that teaches models to reason more concisely by distilling their own concise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hejian Sang , Yuanda Xu , Zhengze Zhou , Ran He , Zhipeng Wang , Jiachen Sun

LLM-based generation of SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) is often reported as nearing saturation, with the strongest specialized model reaching ${\sim}76\%$ accuracy on NL2SVA-Human. We show that this aggregate hides a temporal gap: models…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Qingyun Zou , Yingze Li , Tianen Liu , Bingsheng He , Weng-Fai Wong

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a promising paradigm for scaling reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the sparsity of binary verifier rewards often leads to low efficiency and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shuo Yang , Jinda Lu , Kexin Huang , Chiyu Ma , Shaohang Wei , Yuyang Liu , Guoyin Wang , Jingren Zhou , Li Yuan

Advanced test-time computing strategies are essential for scaling reasoning models, but their effectiveness is capped by the models' poor self-evaluation. We propose a pairwise Explanatory Verifier, trained via reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Anisha Garg , Engin Tekin , Yash More , David Bick , Nishit Neema , Ganesh Venkatesh

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a cornerstone for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs), with Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) serving as the de facto standard algorithm. Despite its ubiquity, we argue that the core ratio…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Penghui Qi , Xiangxin Zhou , Zichen Liu , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Min Lin , Wee Sun Lee

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for facilitating the self-improvement of large language models (LLMs), particularly in the domain of complex reasoning tasks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ziru Liu , Cheng Gong , Xinyu Fu , Yaofang Liu , Ran Chen , Shoubo Hu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Qingfu Zhang , Dandan Tu

Large reasoning models (LRMs) are typically trained using reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) to enhance their reasoning abilities. In this paradigm, policies are updated using both positive and negative self-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Xinyu Tang , Yuliang Zhan , Zhixun Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhenduo Zhang , Zujie Wen , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou

Single-trajectory reinforcement learning (RL) methods aim to optimize policies from datasets consisting of (prompt, response, reward) triplets, where scalar rewards are directly available. This supervision format is highly practical, as it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Bilal Faye , Hanane Azzag , Mustapha Lebbah

On-policy distillation has recently emerged as a promising alternative to standard sequence-level imitation, training a student by scoring its own rollouts with a teacher model. However, we observe ``Off-policy Teacher Decay'' problem in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhou Ziheng , Jiaqi Li , Huacong Tang , Ying Nian Wu , Demetri Terzopoulos

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is widely used for training reasoning models, but updating all sampled completions in each group incurs substantial cost and can reinforce verbose reasoning trajectories. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Qingfei Zhao , Huan Song , Shuyu Tian , Jiawei Shao , Xuelong Li

On-policy distillation (OPD) is increasingly used in LLM post-training because it can leverage a teacher model to provide dense supervision on student rollouts. The standard implementation, however, usually reduces distribution matching to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuqian Fu , Haohuan Huang , Kaiwen Jiang , Jiacai Liu , Zhuo Jiang , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

Self-generated counterfactual explanations (SCEs) are minimally modified inputs (minimality) generated by large language models (LLMs) that flip their own predictions (validity), offering a causally grounded approach to unraveling black-box…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yilong Wang , Qianli Wang , Bohao Chu , Yihong Liu , Jing Yang , Simon Ostermann

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising approach to improve the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Among RLVR algorithms, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) and its variants…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhaokang Liao , Yingguo Gao , Yi Yang , Yongheng Hu , Jingting Ding