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Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) turn brain signals into functionally useful output, but they are not always accurate. A good Machine Learning classifier should be able to indicate how confident it is about a given classification, by giving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Joris Suurmeijer , Ivo Pascal de Jong , Matias Valdenegro-Toro , Andreea Ioana Sburlea

Large language models (LLMs) require substantial computational resources, leading to significant carbon emissions and operational costs. Although training is energy-intensive, the long-term environmental burden arises from inference,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Kolichala Rajashekar , Nafiseh Sharghivand , Radu Prodan , Reza Farahani

Prompt routing dynamically selects the most appropriate large language model from a pool of candidates for each query, optimizing performance while managing costs. As model pools scale to include dozens of frontier models with narrow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yunyi Zhang , Soji Adeshina , Sheng Guan , Ashwin Ganesh , Zhen Han , Vassilis N. Ioannidis , Huzefa Rangwala , George Karypis

Evaluating LLM agents for scientific tasks has focused on token costs while ignoring tool-use costs like simulation time and experimental resources. As a result, metrics like pass@k become impractical under realistic budget constraints. To…

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance across numerous tasks by using a diverse array of adaptation strategies. However, optimally selecting a model and adaptation strategy under resource constraints is challenging and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Jiayu Wang , Aws Albarghouthi , Frederic Sala

Deployed language models must decide not only what to answer but also when not to answer. We present UniCR, a unified framework that turns heterogeneous uncertainty evidence including sequence likelihoods, self-consistency dispersion,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Markus Oehri , Giulia Conti , Kaviraj Pather , Alexandre Rossi , Laia Serra , Adrian Parody , Rogvi Johannesen , Aviaja Petersen , Arben Krasniqi

Deploying black-box LLMs requires managing uncertainty in the absence of token-level probability or true labels. We propose introducing an unsupervised conformal inference framework for generation, which integrates: generative models,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-30 Lingyou Pang , Lei Huang , Jianyu Lin , Tianyu Wang , Akira Horiguchi , Alexander Aue , Carey E. Priebe

Quantifying uncertainty of predictions has been identified as one way to develop more trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) models beyond conventional reporting of performance metrics. When considering their role in a clinical decision…

The rising demand for Large Language Model (LLM) inference services has intensified pressure on computational resources, resulting in latency and cost challenges. This paper introduces a novel routing algorithm based on the Non-dominated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Shibo Yu , Mohammad Goudarzi , Adel Nadjaran Toosi

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have intensified the need to deliver both rapid responses and high-quality outputs. More powerful models yield better results but incur higher inference latency, whereas smaller models are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Youhe Jiang , Fangcheng Fu , Wanru Zhao , Stephan Rabanser , Jintao Zhang , Nicholas D. Lane , Binhang Yuan

Turning pass-through network architectures into iterative ones, which use their own output as input, is a well-known approach for boosting performance. In this paper, we argue that such architectures offer an additional benefit: The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Nikita Durasov , Doruk Oner , Jonathan Donier , Hieu Le , Pascal Fua

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate substantial accuracy gains when augmented with reasoning modes such as chain-of-thought and inference-time scaling. However, reasoning also incurs significant costs in inference latency and token…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Chen Wang , Xunzhuo Liu , Yuhan Liu , Yue Zhu , Xiangxi Mo , Junchen Jiang , Huamin Chen

Machine learning can significantly improve performance for decision-making under uncertainty across a wide range of domains. However, ensuring robustness guarantees requires well-calibrated uncertainty estimates, which can be difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Christopher Yeh , Nicolas Christianson , Alan Wu , Adam Wierman , Yisong Yue

In an attempt to speed up the solution of the unit commitment (UC) problem, both machine-learning and optimization-based methods have been proposed to lighten the full UC formulation by removing as many superfluous line-flow constraints as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-15 Álvaro Porras , Salvador Pineda , Juan M. Morales , Asunción Jiménez-Cordero

Recent reasoning Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable problem-solving abilities but often generate long thinking traces whose utility is unclear. Our work aims to improve their efficiency, enabling them to reach high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Xiang Liu , Xuming Hu , Xiaowen Chu , Eunsol Choi

We consider the worst-case expectation of a permutation invariant ambiguity set of discrete distributions as a proxy-cost for data-driven expected risk minimization. For this framework, we coin the term ordered risk minimization to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-19 Peter Coppens , Panagiotis Patrinos

Accurate uncertainty quantification in large language models (LLMs) is essential for reliable confidence estimation, yet fine-tuned LLMs often become overconfident under limited adaptation data. Existing uncertainty methods for PEFT-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ruijia Niu , Dongxia Wu , Rose Yu , Yi-An Ma

Probabilistic circuits (PCs) offer a promising avenue to perform embedded reasoning under uncertainty. They support efficient and exact computation of various probabilistic inference tasks by design. Hence, hardware-efficient computation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Lingyun Yao , Martin Trapp , Jelin Leslin , Gaurav Singh , Peng Zhang , Karthekeyan Periasamy , Martin Andraud

Scaling RL for LLMs is computationally expensive, largely due to multi-sampling for policy optimization and evaluation, making efficient data selection crucial. Inspired by the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) theory, we hypothesize LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yang Zhao , Kai Xiong , Xiao Ding , Li Du , YangouOuyang , Zhouhao Sun , Jiannan Guan , Wenbin Zhang , Bin Liu , Dong Hu , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly growing in popularity, LLM inference services must be able to serve requests from thousands of users while satisfying performance requirements. The performance of an LLM inference service is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Małgorzata Łazuka , Andreea Anghel , Thomas Parnell