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Model routing is a simple technique for reducing the inference cost of large language models (LLMs), wherein one maintains a pool of candidate LLMs, and learns to route each prompt to the smallest feasible LLM. Existing works focus on…

Researchers and practitioners operating on a limited budget face the cost-performance trade-off dilemma. The challenging decision often centers on whether to use a large LLM with better performance or a smaller one with reduced costs. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Guillem Ramírez , Alexandra Birch , Ivan Titov

Serving diverse NLP workloads with large language models is costly: at one enterprise partner, inference costs exceeded $200K/month despite over 70% of queries being routine tasks well within the capability of smaller models. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Dongxin Guo , Jikun Wu , Siu Ming Yiu

Deploying large language models (LLMs) in edge-cloud environments requires an efficient routing strategy to balance cost and response quality. Traditional approaches prioritize either human-preference data or accuracy metrics from benchmark…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Tuo Zhang , Asal Mehradfar , Dimitrios Dimitriadis , Salman Avestimehr

Recently, deep neural networks have become to be used in a variety of applications. While the accuracy of deep neural networks is increasing, the confidence score, which indicates the reliability of the prediction results, is becoming more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Shohei Enomoto , Takeharu Eda

Large Language Models (LLMs) have a natural role in answering complex queries about data streams, but the high computational cost of LLM inference makes them infeasible in many such tasks. We propose online cascade learning, the first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Lunyiu Nie , Zhimin Ding , Erdong Hu , Christopher Jermaine , Swarat Chaudhuri

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) with varying computational costs and performance profiles presents a critical challenge for scalable, cost-effective deployment in real-world applications. We introduce a unified routing…

LLM routing aims to achieve a favorable quality--cost trade-off by dynamically assigning easy queries to smaller models and harder queries to stronger ones. However, across both unimodal and multimodal settings, we uncover a pervasive yet…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Guannan Lai , Han-Jia Ye

A key strategy for balancing performance and cost in modern machine learning systems is to dynamically route queries to either a low-cost model or a more expensive oracle (such as a large pretrained model or human expert), an approach known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Charlotte Peale , Siddartha Devic , Parikshit Gopalan , Udi Wieder , Aravind Gollakota

Scaling test-time compute has proven highly effective for language models, yet this opportunity remains largely unexplored for industrial Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction. CTR models suffer from a fundamental asymmetry: feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Moyu Zhang , Yun Chen , Yujun Jin , Jinxin Hu , Yu Zhang , Xiaoyi Zeng

The availability of a wide range of large language models (LLMs) embedded in various agentic systems has significantly increased the potential of model selection strategies to improve the cost-performance tradeoff. Existing strategies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Jasper Dekoninck , Maximilian Baader , Martin Vechev

Model cascades, in which a cheap LLM defers to an expensive one on low-confidence queries, are widely used to navigate the cost-quality tradeoff at deployment. Existing approaches largely treat the deferral threshold as an empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Dylan Bouchard

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly improved code completion tasks, yet the trade-off between accuracy and computational cost remains a critical challenge. While using larger models and incorporating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Boyuan Chen , Mingzhi Zhu , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Muhammad Shafique , Siddharth Garg

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed and democratized on edge devices. To improve the efficiency of on-device deployment, small language models (SLMs) are often adopted due to their efficient decoding latency and reduced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Yu-Neng Chuang , Leisheng Yu , Guanchu Wang , Lizhe Zhang , Zirui Liu , Xuanting Cai , Yang Sui , Vladimir Braverman , Xia Hu

Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive capabilities but incur substantial inference latency and cost, which hinders their deployment in latency-sensitive and resource-constrained scenarios. Cloud-edge-device collaborative inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Haoyu Qiao , Hao Zhang , Shanwen Mao , Siyao Cheng , Jie Liu

LLMs with superior response quality--particularly larger or closed-source models--often come with higher inference costs, making their deployment inefficient and costly. Meanwhile, developing foundational LLMs from scratch is becoming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Alireza Mohammadshahi , Arshad Rafiq Shaikh , Majid Yazdani

Automated patent claim validation demands low error tolerance. However, existing approaches face a rigidity-resource dilemma: lightweight encoders cannot track long-range legal dependencies, while exhaustive LLM verification incurs 4-5X…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yongmin Yoo , Qiongkai Xu , Longbing Cao

Efficiently routing queries to the optimal large language model (LLM) is crucial for optimizing the cost-performance trade-off in multi-model systems. However, most existing routers rely on single-model selection, making them susceptible to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Sai Hao , Hao Zeng , Hongxin Wei , Bingyi Jing

It is important for Large Language Models (LLMs) to be aware of the boundary of their knowledge, distinguishing queries they can confidently answer from those that lie beyond their capabilities. Such awareness enables models to perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Lihu Chen , Gerard de Melo , Fabian M. Suchanek , Gaël Varoquaux

As the modern CPU, GPU, and NPU chip design complexity and transistor counts keep increasing, and with the relentless shrinking of semiconductor technology nodes to nearly 1 nanometer, the placement and routing have gradually become the two…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Hailiang Li , Yan Huo , Yan Wang , Xu Yang , Miaohui Hao , Xiao Wang
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